patches-own [
  chemical             ;; amount of chemical on this patch
  ground               ;; color of ground
  food                 ;; amount of food on this patch (1 or 2)
  nest?                ;; true on nest patches, false elsewhere
  nest-scent           ;; number that is higher closer to the nest
  food-source-number   ;; number (1, 2, 3, or 4) to identify the food sources
]

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;; Setup procedures ;;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

to setup
  clear-all
  set-default-shape turtles "ant"  ;; makes them look like ants
  resize-world -40 40 -40 40
  ;;resize-world -30 30 -30 30
  crt population
  [ set size 3         ;; easier to see
    set color red  ]   ;; red = not carrying food
  setup-patches
  do-plotting
end

to setup-patches
  ask patches
  [ setup-nest
    ;;setup-food
    create-food
    recolor-patch
    set pcolor 65 ]
end

to setup-nest  ;; patch procedure
  ;; set nest? variable to true inside the nest, false elsewhere
  set nest? (distancexy 0 0) < 4
  ;; spread a nest-scent over the whole world -- stronger near the nest
  set nest-scent 200 - distancexy 0 0
end


to create-food
  if (distancexy (0.85 * max-pxcor) 0) < 6
    [ set food-source-number 1 ]
    ;; setup food source two on the lower-left
    if (distancexy (-0.6 * max-pxcor) (-0.6 * max-pycor)) < 5
    [ set food-source-number 2 ]
    ;; setup food source three on the upper-left
    if (distancexy (-0.7 * max-pxcor) (0.7 * max-pycor)) < 6
    [ set food-source-number 3 ]
    ;; set "food" at sources to either 1 or 2, randomly
    if food-source-number > 0
   [ set food one-of [1 2] ]
  
end



to recolor-patch  ;; patch procedure
  ;; give color to nest and food sources
  ifelse nest?
  [ set pcolor brown ]    ;; Color the nest Brown
  [ ifelse food > 0       ;; Color food
    [ if food-source-number = 1 [ set pcolor cyan ]
      if food-source-number = 2 [ set pcolor sky  ]
      if food-source-number = 3 [ set pcolor blue ] 
      if food-source-number = 4 [ set pcolor red ] ]
    ;; scale color to show chemical concentration
    [ ifelse chemical <= Chem-Low-Threshold             
       [ set pcolor 65 ]
       [ ifelse chemical >= Chem-Upper-Threshold
         [ set pcolor white ]
;;      if chemical <= Chem-Low-Threshold and chemical >= Chem-Upper-Threshold
         [ set pcolor scale-color green chemical Chem-Low-Threshold Chem-Upper-Threshold ]
    ] ] ]
end

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;; Go procedures ;;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

to go  ;; forever button
  ask turtles
  [ if who >= ticks [ stop ] ;; delay initial departure
    ifelse color = red
    [ look-for-food  ]       ;; not carrying food? look for it
    [ return-to-nest ]       ;; carrying food? take it back to nest
    fd 1 ]
  diffuse chemical (diffusion-rate / 100)
  ask patches
  [ set chemical chemical * (100 - evaporation-rate) / 100  ;; slowly evaporate chemical
    recolor-patch ]
  ask patches
  [ add-food ]
  ;add-ants
  tick
  do-plotting
end

to return-to-nest  ;; turtle procedure
  if return-wiggle 
  [ wiggle ]
  if not can-move? 1 [ rt 180 ]
  ifelse nest?
  [ ;; drop food and head out again
    set color red
    rt 180 ]
  [ set chemical chemical + 60  ;; drop some chemical
    uphill-nest-scent ]         ;; head toward the greatest value of nest-scent
end

to look-for-food  ;; turtle procedure
  wiggle
  if not can-move? 1 [ rt 180 ]
  if food > 0
  [ set color 0 + 1          ;; pick up food
    set food food - 1        ;; and reduce the food source
    rt 180                   ;; and turn around
    stop ]
  ;; go in the direction where the chemical smell is strongest
  if (chemical >= Chem-Low-Threshold) and (chemical < Chem-Upper-Threshold)
  [ uphill-chemical ]
end

;; sniff forward, left, and right, and go where the strongest smell is
to uphill-chemical  ;; turtle procedure
  let scent-ahead chemical-scent-at-angle   0
  let scent-right chemical-scent-at-angle  LoS
  let scent-left  chemical-scent-at-angle  (LoS * -1)
  if (scent-right > scent-ahead) or (scent-left > scent-ahead)
  [ ifelse scent-right > scent-left
    [ rt LoS ]
    [ lt LoS ] ]
end

;; sniff left and right, and go where the strongest smell is
to uphill-nest-scent  ;; turtle procedure
  let scent-ahead nest-scent-at-angle   0
  let scent-right nest-scent-at-angle  LoS
  let scent-left  nest-scent-at-angle  (LoS * -1)
  if (scent-right > scent-ahead) or (scent-left > scent-ahead)
  [ ifelse scent-right > scent-left
    [ rt LoS ]
    [ lt LoS ] ]
end

to wiggle  ;; turtle procedure
  rt random-normal 0 amount-of-wiggle
  ;; lt random-normal 0 amount-of-wiggle
  ;; if not can-move? 1 [ rt 180 ]
end

to-report nest-scent-at-angle [angle]
  let p patch-right-and-ahead angle 1
  if p = nobody [ report 0 ]
  report [nest-scent] of p
end

to-report chemical-scent-at-angle [angle]
  let p patch-right-and-ahead angle 1
  if p = nobody [ report 0 ]
  report [chemical] of p
end

to Add-food  ;; patch procedure
  ;; setup food source one on the right
  
  if mouse-down?
  [ ask patch mouse-xcor mouse-ycor 
    [ if (distancexy mouse-xcor mouse-ycor) < 5
      [ set food-source-number 4
        set food 2 
        set pcolor red ] ] ]
end


;to add-ants
;  ask patch
;  [ 
;  
;end 

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;; Plotting procedures ;;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

to do-plotting
  if not plot? [ stop ]
  set-current-plot "Food in each pile"
  ;; since the plot? switch can be turned on and off at
  ;; any time, we must use PLOTXY to make sure points are
  ;; plotted with the proper x coordinates
  set-current-plot-pen "food-in-pile1"
  plotxy ticks sum [food] of patches with [pcolor = cyan]
  set-current-plot-pen "food-in-pile2"
  plotxy ticks sum [food] of patches with [pcolor = sky]
  set-current-plot-pen "food-in-pile3"
  plotxy ticks sum [food] of patches with [pcolor = blue]
end


;; Credit to 1997 Uri Wilensky for frame of program
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@#$#@#$#@
WHAT IS IT?
-----------
This is an extention "Ants", a model included in the default model library of NetLogo.
In this project, a colony of ants forages for food. Though each ant follows a set of simple rules, the colony as a whole acts in a sophisticated way.


HOW IT WORKS
------------
When an ant finds a piece of food, it carries the food back to the nest, dropping a chemical as it moves. When other ants "sniff" the chemical, they follow the chemical toward the food. As more ants carry food to the nest, they reinforce the chemical trail.


HOW TO USE IT
-------------
Click the SETUP button to set up the ant nest (in violet, at center) and three piles of food. Click the GO button to start the simulation. The chemical is shown in a green-to-white gradient.

The EVAPORATION-RATE slider controls the evaporation rate of the chemical. The DIFFUSION-RATE slider controls the diffusion rate of the chemical. There is an on-off PLOT? switch.  Turning off the plotting lets the model run faster.

If you want to change the number of ants, move the POPULATION slider before pressing SETUP.

The original sliders were teaked a little to add functionality.

You can click the screen to add food. 

AMOUNT-OF-WIGGLE is a parameter that controls how much the ants divate from a straight path. It randomly chooses a number from a normal distribution and tells the ant to step slightly in that direction. The slider adjusts the standard deviation. If this slider is set to 0, the ants will walk in straight lines. If it is set higher than 100, the ants pretty much act like Brownian motion. Optimal wiggle is about 20. 

LoS is an abbreviation for Line of Sight. This parameter tells the ant how far to the left and right it should ‘sniff’. Optimal value is about 40. Anything under 15 and over 150 seems to be dysfunctional. 

CHEM-LOW-THRESHOLD tells the ant to ignore scents that are below this threshold. Setting this number to 0 lets the ants smell infinitely small amounts of pheromone. The optimal value for this seems to be dependent on the food source, amount of ants, evaporation-rate and diffusion-rate. 

CHEM-UPPER-THRESHOLD tells the ants to ignore the difference in scent for pheromone over this threshold. The optimal value for this seems to be dependent on the food source and the amount of ants. 

RETURN-WIGGLE is a switch that when on lets ants with food wiggle as much as ants without food. When this is switched off, ants returning with food walk in a straight line towards the nest. 

THINGS TO NOTICE
----------------
The ant colony generally exploits the food source in order, starting with the food closest to the nest, and finishing with the food most distant from the nest. It is more difficult for the ants to form a stable trail to the more distant food, since the chemical trail has more time to evaporate and diffuse before being reinforced.

Once the colony finishes collecting the closest food, the chemical trail to that food naturally disappears, freeing up ants to help collect the other food sources. The more distant food sources require a larger "critical number" of ants to form a stable trail.

The consumption of the food is shown in a plot.  The line colors in the plot match the colors of the food piles.


EXTENDING THE MODEL
-------------------
Try different placements for the food sources. What happens if two food sources are equidistant from the nest? When that happens in the real world, ant colonies typically exploit one source then the other (not at the same time).

In this project, the ants use a "trick" to find their way back to the nest: they follow the "nest scent." Real ants use a variety of different approaches to find their way back to the nest. Try to implement some alternative strategies.


ORIGINAL COPYRIGHT NOTICE
----------------
Copyright 1997 Uri Wilensky. All rights reserved.

Permission to use, modify or redistribute this model is hereby granted, provided that both of the following requirements are followed:
a) this copyright notice is included.
b) this model will not be redistributed for profit without permission from Uri Wilensky. Contact Uri Wilensky for appropriate licenses for redistribution for profit.

This model was created as part of the project: CONNECTED MATHEMATICS: MAKING SENSE OF COMPLEX PHENOMENA THROUGH BUILDING OBJECT-BASED PARALLEL MODELS (OBPML).  The project gratefully acknowledges the support of the National Science Foundation (Applications of Advanced Technologies Program) -- grant numbers RED #9552950 and REC #9632612.

This model was developed at the MIT Media Lab using CM StarLogo.  See Resnick, M. (1994) "Turtles, Termites and Traffic Jams: Explorations in Massively Parallel Microworlds."  Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.  Adapted to StarLogoT, 1997, as part of the Connected Mathematics Project.

This model was converted to NetLogo as part of the projects: PARTICIPATORY SIMULATIONS: NETWORK-BASED DESIGN FOR SYSTEMS LEARNING IN CLASSROOMS and/or INTEGRATED SIMULATION AND MODELING ENVIRONMENT. The project gratefully acknowledges the support of the National Science Foundation (REPP & ROLE programs) -- grant numbers REC #9814682 and REC-0126227. Converted from StarLogoT to NetLogo, 1998.

@#$#@#$#@
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