breed [ bugs bug ] bugs-own [ speed bugjitter bugcolor bughue] breed [ predators predator ] globals [ total-caught time rnd spdlist avgspd huelist avghue sizelist avgsz colorlist avgclr jitterlist avgjtr histogram-interval-size wait-time bcred bcblue bcgreen bcyellow jit1 jit2 jit3 jit4 life] to setup ca set wait-time 1 set life 200 set total-caught 0 set time 0 set histogram-interval-size 1 ask patches [ set pcolor green ] create-custom-bugs num_bugs [ set speed (1 + (random-float 8)) set bughue random 5 - random 5 set bugcolor (1 + random 4) if (bugcolor = 1) [set color red + bughue] if (bugcolor = 2) [set color green + bughue] if (bugcolor = 3) [set color blue + bughue] if (bugcolor = 4) [set color yellow + bughue] set bugjitter (random 5) set size (0.8 + random-float 2)] ask bugs [ set shape "bug" setxy random-xcor random-ycor] create-custom-predators 1 [ set hidden? true ] do-plots end to go let bugs-remaining 0 set time (time + 1) check-caught move-predator move-bugs update-vars do-plots if (life <= 0) [ set life 0 stop] end ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;; Runtime Procedures ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; to move-bugs let predator-agent one-of predators let heading-toward 0 let distance-from-predator nobody ask bugs [ if (bugjitter <= 4) [rt (random-float 10 - random-float 10) * bugjitter fd speed * speed-factor] ; these bugs jitter a random amt if (bugjitter = 0) [ ; make the bugs run away from the mouse set rnd random 50 ifelse (rnd = 1) [set heading 90 - (atan (ycor - mouse-ycor) (xcor - mouse-xcor)) fd speed * speed-factor] [fd speed * speed-factor]] ; if (bugjitter = 0) [ ; these bugs pause and stop if (wait-time < 80) [fd speed * speed-factor]]]; set wait-time (wait-time + 1) set wait-time (remainder wait-time 100) end to move-predator if (mouse-inside?) [ ask predators [ setxy mouse-xcor mouse-ycor ] ] end to check-caught set life (life - .3) ; subtract for each iteration let speed-of-caught 0 let period-to-catch 0 ;; the mouse may move while we are doing calculations ;; so keep track of the current mouse position so ;; we do all the calculations with the same numbers let snap-mouse-xcor mouse-xcor let snap-mouse-ycor mouse-ycor if mouse-down? and mouse-inside? [ set life (life - 2) ; penalty for the effort of 'pecking' if (any? bugs-at snap-mouse-xcor snap-mouse-ycor) [ set life (life + 20) set total-caught (total-caught + 1) reproduce-one ;; eat only one of the bugs at the mouse location ask one-of bugs-at snap-mouse-xcor snap-mouse-ycor [die] ] ] end to update-vars set spdlist values-from bugs [speed] set avgspd (mean spdlist) set huelist values-from bugs [bughue] set avghue (mean huelist) set sizelist values-from bugs [size] set avgsz (mean sizelist) set colorlist values-from bugs [bugcolor] set avgclr (median colorlist) set bcred count (bugs with [bugcolor = 1]) set bcgreen count (bugs with [bugcolor = 2]) set bcblue count (bugs with [bugcolor = 3]) set bcyellow count (bugs with [bugcolor = 4]) set jit1 count (bugs with [bugjitter = 0]) set jit2 count (bugs with [bugjitter = 1]) set jit3 count (bugs with [bugjitter = 2]) set jit4 count (bugs with [bugjitter = 3]) set jitterlist values-from bugs [bugjitter] set avgjtr (mean jitterlist) end to reproduce-one ask one-of bugs [ hatch 1 [ set heading (random-float 360) set speed value-from bug (random (count bugs - 1)) [speed] set bughue value-from bug (random (count bugs - 1)) [bughue] set size value-from bug (random (count bugs - 1)) [size] set bugcolor value-from bug (random (count bugs - 1)) [bugcolor] set bugjitter value-from bug (random (count bugs - 1)) [bugjitter] if (bugcolor = 1) [set color red + bughue] if (bugcolor = 2) [set color green + bughue] if (bugcolor = 3) [set color blue + bughue] if (bugcolor = 4) [set color yellow + bughue] ] ] end ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;; Plotting Procedures ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; to do-plots set-current-plot "Life vs. Time" plotxy time life set-current-plot "Average Speed of Bugs" plotxy time avgspd set-current-plot "Average Size of Bugs" plotxy time avgsz set-current-plot "Average Hue of Bugs" plotxy time avghue set-current-plot "Number Bugs Each Color" set-current-plot-pen "red" plot bcred set-current-plot-pen "green" plot bcgreen set-current-plot-pen "blue" plot bcblue set-current-plot-pen "yellow" plot bcyellow set-current-plot "Jitter of Bugs" plotxy time avgjtr ;set-current-plot "Jitter of Bugs" ;set-current-plot-pen "jit1" ;plot jit1 ;set-current-plot-pen "jit2" ;plot jit2 ;set-current-plot-pen "jit3" ;plot jit3 ;set-current-plot-pen "jit4" ;plot jit4 end ; Copyright 2007 by Christopher J. Whalen. In affiliation with GK-12 program ; University of Illinois. All rights reserved. ; Permission to use, modify or redistribute this model is hereby granted, ; provided that both of the following requirements are followed: ; a) this copyright notice is included. ; b) this model will not be redistributed for profit without permission ; from Chris Whalen. ; Contact Chris Whalen for appropriate licenses for redistribution for ; profit. ; ; To reference this model use Whalen, C. (2007). NetLogo Bug Hunt Evolution ; ; This program originally modified from Novak and Wilensky (2005). See below ; *** NetLogo 3.1.3 Model Copyright Notice *** ; ; Copyright 2005 by Uri Wilensky. All rights reserved. ; ; Permission to use, modify or redistribute this model is hereby granted, ; provided that both of the following requirements are followed: ; a) this copyright notice is included. ; b) this model will not be redistributed for profit without permission ; from Uri Wilensky. ; Contact Uri Wilensky for appropriate licenses for redistribution for ; profit. ; ; To refer to this model in academic publications, please use: ; Wilensky, U. (2005). NetLogo Bug Hunt Speeds model. ; http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/models/BugHuntSpeeds. ; Center for Connected Learning and Computer-Based Modeling, ; Northwestern University, Evanston, IL. ; ; In other publications, please use: ; Copyright 2005 Uri Wilensky. All rights reserved. ; See http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/models/BugHuntSpeeds ; for terms of use. ; ; *** End of NetLogo 3.1.3 Model Copyright Notice *** @#$#@#$#@ GRAPHICS-WINDOW 614 13 1004 504 9 11 20.0 1 10 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 -9 9 -11 11 CC-WINDOW 5 518 1013 613 Command Center 0 BUTTON 6 38 67 71 NIL setup NIL 1 T OBSERVER T NIL BUTTON 69 38 130 71 NIL go T 1 T OBSERVER T NIL MONITOR 196 41 271 90 NIL time 0 1 SLIDER 5 80 177 113 Num_Bugs Num_Bugs 0 60 20 1 1 NIL SLIDER 5 117 177 150 speed-factor speed-factor 0 0.5 0.1 0.01 1 NIL MONITOR 196 100 277 149 bugs caught total-caught 0 1 PLOT 197 171 397 321 Average Speed of Bugs Time Bug Speed 0.0 10.0 0.0 3.0 true false PLOT 400 320 600 470 Average Hue of Bugs Time Light --> 0.0 10.0 -5.0 5.0 true false PLOT -3 172 197 322 Average Size of Bugs Time Bug Size 0.0 10.0 0.0 2.0 true false PLOT -3 321 197 471 Number Bugs Each Color Time Number of Bugs 0.0 10.0 0.0 10.0 true false PENS "default" 1.0 0 -10899396 true "red" 1.0 0 -2674135 true "green" 1.0 0 -13840069 true "yellow" 1.0 0 -1184463 true "blue" 1.0 0 -13345367 true PLOT 198 321 398 471 Jitter of Bugs Time Jitter 0.0 10.0 0.0 4.0 true false PENS "jit1" 1.0 0 -955883 true "jit2" 1.0 0 -13345367 true "jit3" 1.0 0 -5825686 true "jit4" 1.0 0 -13791810 true PLOT 398 172 598 322 Life vs. Time Time Life 0.0 10.0 0.0 10.0 true false @#$#@#$#@ WHAT IS IT? ----------- This is a natural/artificial selection model that shows the result of two competing forces on natural selection of the speed of prey. Which force dominates depends on the behavior of predators. One force is that predators that chase prey, tend to catch slower moving prey more often, thereby selecting for prey that are faster over many generations of offspring. Another force is that predators who wait for their prey without moving, tend to catch prey that are moving faster more often, thereby selecting for prey that are slower over many generations of offspring. By also adjusting whether bugs try to avoid the predator and the predictability of their motion, a different one of these competing forces will tend to dominate the selective pressure on the population. HOW IT WORKS ------------ You assume the role of a predator amongst a population of bugs. To begin your pursuit of bugs as a predator, press SETUP to create a population of bugs, determined by the six times the NUMBER-BUGS-EACH-SPEED slider. These bugs that are created are randomly distributed around the world and assigned a speed. When you press GO the bugs begin to move at their designated speeds. As they move around, try to eat as many bugs as fast as you can by clicking on them. Alternatively, you may hold the mouse button down and move the mouse pointer over the bugs. The six different speeds that a bug might move at are distributed amongst six different sub-populations of the bugs. These speeds are genetically inherited. With each bug you eat, a new bug is randomly chosen from the population to reproduce one offspring. This bug's offspring is an exact duplicate of the parent (in terms of its speed, orientation, and location). The creation of this new offspring keeps the overall population of the bugs constant. Initially there are equal numbers of each sub-population of bug (e.g. ten bugs at each of the 6 speeds). Over time, however, as you eat bugs, the distribution of the bugs will change as shown in the "Frequency of bugs" Histogram and the "Number of Bugs vs. Time" graph. In the histogram, you might see the distribution shift to the left (showing that more slow bugs are surviving) or to the right (showing that more fast bugs are surviving). Sometimes one sub-population of a single speed of bug will be exterminated. At this point, no other bugs of this speed can be created in the population. HOW TO USE IT ------------- NUMBER-BUGS-EACH-SPEED is the number of bugs you start with in each of the six sub-populations. The overall population of bugs is determined by multiplying this value by 6. SPEED-FACTOR is an overall speed coefficient to use to speed up or slow down all the bugs, without making their motion jerky. This is an important slider to adjust to compensate for different speed platforms the model might run on. SPEED-COLOR-MAP settings help you apply color visualization to the speed of the bugs. The "all green" setting does not show a different color for each bug based on its speed". Keeping the color settings switched to something besides "all green" can tend to result in the predator (the user) unconsciously selecting bugs based on color instead of speed. The "rainbow" setting shows 6 distinct colors for the 6 different speeds a bug might have. These color settings correspond to the plot pen colors in the graphs. The "blue red" setting shows the lower half of the speeds of the starting population as blue, and the upper half as red. The "purple shades" setting shows a gradient of dark purple to light purple for slow to fast bug speed. THINGS TO NOTICE ---------------- This histogram tends to shift right if you assume the role of chasing easy prey. This histogram tends to shift left if you assume the role of waiting for prey come to you. (The same effect is achieved with moving the mouse around the view randomly) THINGS TO TRY ------------- Wait in one location for the bugs to come to you by placing the cursor in one location and holding down the mouse button. All bugs that run into you will be eaten. Chase bugs around trying to catch the bug nearest you at any one time by holding the mouse button down and moving the cursor around the view after the nearest bug. EXTENDING THE MODEL ------------------- The Bug Hunt Speeds model includes bugs that wander in a path that is not a straight line and allow you to set whether the bugs avoid the predator. Both of these characteristics as well as speed are inheritable characteristics in the Bug Hunt Scurry model. A HubNet version of the model with adjustable starting populations of bugs would help show what happens when two or more competitors assume similar vs. different hunting strategies on the same population at the same time. RELATED MODELS -------------- Bug Hunt Camouflage CREDITS AND REFERENCES ---------------------- Inspired by EvoDots software: http://faculty.washington.edu/~herronjc/SoftwareFolder/EvoDots.html To refer to this model in academic publications, please use: Wilensky, U. (2005). NetLogo Bug Hunt Speeds model. http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/models/BugHuntSpeeds. Center for Connected Learning and Computer-Based Modeling, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL. In other publications, please use: Copyright 2005 Uri Wilensky. All rights reserved. See http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/models/BugHuntSpeeds for terms of use. @#$#@#$#@ default true 0 Polygon -7500403 true true 150 5 40 250 150 205 260 250 link true 0 Line -7500403 true 150 0 150 300 link direction true 0 Line -7500403 true 150 150 30 225 Line -7500403 true 150 150 270 225 airplane true 0 Polygon -7500403 true true 150 0 135 15 120 60 120 105 15 165 15 195 120 180 135 240 105 270 120 285 150 270 180 285 210 270 165 240 180 180 285 195 285 165 180 105 180 60 165 15 arrow true 0 Polygon -7500403 true true 150 0 0 150 105 150 105 293 195 293 195 150 300 150 box false 0 Polygon -7500403 true true 150 285 285 225 285 75 150 135 Polygon -7500403 true true 150 135 15 75 150 15 285 75 Polygon -7500403 true true 15 75 15 225 150 285 150 135 Line -16777216 false 150 285 150 135 Line -16777216 false 150 135 15 75 Line -16777216 false 150 135 285 75 bug true 0 Circle -7500403 true true 96 182 108 Circle -7500403 true true 110 127 80 Circle -7500403 true true 110 75 80 Line 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