Globals [ phase aftermath steps ] turtles-own [ surround-influence ;; Surrounding influence influence ;; Agent's own influence fashion-model-lost-effect ;; Value when fashion-model loses effect model-health ;; Countdown for fashion-model to lose effect activity? ;; True or False immuned? ;; True or False self-esteem ;; -1 (Low), 0 (neutral), false (fashion-model) surround-activity ;; Agents with activity in the surrounding ] to setup ;; Reset and clear world clear-all reset-ticks ;; Set default shape to person, and all person color to white. Create turtles. set-default-shape turtles "person" ask n-of (0.8 * world-width * world-height) patches [sprout 1] ;; Only 80 percent of the entire world is populated. ask turtles [set color white set influence (fashion-model-influence / fashion-model-influence) set activity? false set immuned? false set self-esteem 0] ;; Set parameters set phase false set aftermath false end to go ;; Run the simulation ;if ticks > 80 [stop] ;; The simulation stops after 150 ticks. set steps (steps + 1) ;; For behavioral space ;if steps = 10 [select-fashion-model] ;; Automatically select a fashion-model (For behavioral space) ask turtles [ if aftermath = false [begin] ;; Begin simulation if phase = true ;; If the fashion-model dies, agents enter the next phase [what-now?] if aftermath = true ;; After fashion-model dies, agents enter aftermath phase [after-math] ] tick end to begin ;; Agent evaluates the surrounding let num-agents (count other turtles-on neighbors) if num-agents = 0 [set num-agents 1] set surround-influence (sum ([influence] of (other turtles-on neighbors)) / num-agents) ;; Average influence in the surrounding ;; fashion-model moves if color = red [ move-to one-of patches with [not any? turtles-here] set model-health (model-health - 1) ;; Countdown begins ask turtles in-radius influence-radius [set activity? true] ;; fashion-model influences if [influence] of self > surround-influence ;; If fashion-model influence > non-fashion-models, non-fashion-models are influenced. [ ask turtles in-radius influence-radius with [color != red and immuned? = false] [set color green set self-esteem -1] ] ] if color = red and model-health < 0 [ ;; fashion-model eventually dies (lose influence). set model-health 0 set color blue ask patch-here [set plabel "X"] ;; When fashion-model dies, the color turns blue, and the patch is marked as X. set phase true ;; Agents then enters next phase set immuned? true ;; fashion-model is immuned, and cannot be influenced. This is just a safety measure to prevent the dead fashion-model from being influenced again ] end to what-now? ;; Agent evaluates the surrounding let num-agents (count other turtles-on neighbors) if num-agents = 0 [set num-agents 1] set surround-activity (sum ([influence] of (other turtles-on neighbors) with [activity? = true]) / num-agents) ;; Surrounding influence of activity let x one-of turtles with [immuned? = true] ;; fashion-models are immuned when they are dead let z distance x if z = 0 [set z 1] set fashion-model-lost-effect ( fashion-model-influence / z ^ 2) ;; The effect value is calculated using social distance formula proposed by Latane if immuned? = false [ if fashion-model-lost-effect > surround-activity ;; When the impact of role model losing influence is greater than the surrounding, agent will not continue activity. [stop-activity] ] ;set phase false ;; End of this phase set aftermath true ;; Start of next phase, to determine self-esteem end to after-math ;; For agents not practicing activity, to check their self-esteem if immuned? = false [ ;; Only for agents who are not role models let same-esteem-value sum [calculate myself] of turtles with [self-esteem = -1] let diff-esteem-value sum [calculate myself] of turtles with [self-esteem = 0] if activity? = false and (same-esteem-value > diff-esteem-value) [set self-esteem -1] if activity? = true and (same-esteem-value < diff-esteem-value) [set self-esteem 0] ] if immuned? = false [ ifelse show-esteem ;; Color the self-esteem values if switch is on [ if self-esteem = 0 [set color orange] if self-esteem = -1 [set color magenta] ] [ ifelse activity? = true and self-esteem = -1 [set color green] [set color white] ] ] end to stop-activity if activity? = true [set activity? false set color white] end to select-fashion-model ;; Select a random fashion-model ask one-of turtles with [color != red and color != blue] [set color red set influence fashion-model-influence set model-health health set activity? true set self-esteem false ] end to-report calculate [others] ;; Adapted from Nigel Gilbert (See Related Models) let XY 0 set XY distance others if (XY = 0) [set XY 1] report square (influence / (XY ^ 2)) end to-report square [x] report x * x end @#$#@#$#@ GRAPHICS-WINDOW 434 19 816 422 -1 -1 12.0 1 10 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 30 0 30 1 1 1 ticks 30.0 BUTTON 21 22 85 55 NIL Setup NIL 1 T OBSERVER NIL NIL NIL NIL 1 INPUTBOX 201 122 320 182 Fashion-model-influence 10 1 0 Number PLOT 8 190 409 422 Influential Activity Time Agents 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 true true "" "" PENS "Low Self-Esteem" 1.0 0 -5825686 true "" "plot count turtles with [self-esteem = -1]" "Low Self and Activity" 1.0 0 -7500403 true "" "plot count turtles with [activity? = false and self-esteem = -1]" BUTTON 97 22 164 55 NIL Go T 1 T OBSERVER NIL NIL NIL NIL 1 SLIDER 7 126 179 159 Health Health 1 100 24 1 1 NIL HORIZONTAL SLIDER 7 72 179 105 Influence-radius Influence-radius 1 4 2 1 1 NIL HORIZONTAL BUTTON 195 24 382 57 Pick a random fashion model select-fashion-model NIL 1 T OBSERVER NIL NIL NIL NIL 1 SWITCH 200 74 316 107 Show-Esteem Show-Esteem 1 1 -1000 TEXTBOX 327 80 432 192 Green = Doing activity\nWhite = No activity\nMagenta = Low Self-esteem\nOrange = Neutral Self-esteem\nRed/Blue = Fashion Model 10 0.0 1 @#$#@#$#@ ## WHAT IS IT? There are many studies looking at the impact of how role models affect the society or the individual. Role models are indeed important and influential in a community or a small group. Role models can decrease negative influences perceived by individuals (Ferguson, 2012), improve learning styles of students (Shein & Chiou, 2011), shape the behaviors of children (Sirikulchayanonta, edsee, Shuaytong, & Srisorrachatr, 2011), and even increase the satisfaction for adult workers (Healy et al., n. d.). However, role-models may also cause negative influences to the society. When the values of the role-models are incongruent with the values of the population, there is a decrease in motivation level (Lockwood, Jordan, & Kunda, 2002). Role-models with negative influences, such as actors in Hollywood movies, increase the rate negative activity (i.e. smoking) practiced by the population (Escamillia, Cradock, & Kawachi, 2000). Every individual has their own role-models. One type of role-model that is impactful to the society is fashion models portrayed by the media. Women who compare their figures with the figure of the fashion models normally have poorer self-esteem (Brenner & Cunningham, 1992). Similarly, if the individual’s self-perception of their own figure is poorer than the perception of fashion model’s figure, the individual will have a lower self-esteem (Prosavac & Prosavac, 2002). Thus, fashion models portrayed by the media can affect the self-esteem and the perception of the individual’s own body (Grabe, Ward, & Hyde, 2008). The purpose of this agent-based model is to create a simple model to investigate what would occur if the fashion model loses influence, and how this process where the model loses influence affect others in terms of their self-esteem. In the model, activity refers to an arbitrary term. The distance from the individual to another individual or the fashion model used in this model is the social distance. Social Distance is the distance between people within a given location (Latané, Nowak, Bonavento, & Zheng, 1995). ## HOW IT WORKS **An agent either has an activity, or not. Activity is an arbitrary term.** E.g. Activity can be 'dieting'. * **Surrounding Influence** An agent looks at their neighbors. The agent then computes the influence value of the neighbors having the activity. To decide if the agent will perform the activity, the agent adds the influence value of the surrounding turtles: `sum ([influence] of turtles in-radius 2 with [activity? = true] / num-agents`, where _num-agents_ is the number of agents in the surrounding. * **Fashion Model introduced** When you pressed the "pick a random fashion-model", you introduce a fashion model. This fashion model is coloured “Red”. The countdown timer for the fashion model begins. If the influence value of the fashion model is larger than the surrounding influence, area `[ask turtles in-radius influence-radius]` where influence-radius is how far the fashion model can influence, agents within the influential become susceptible to the activity introduced by the fashion model. When the agents begin to follow the activity, these agents have a negative self-esteem `[set self-esteem -1]`. * **When Role-model loses power / effect** The countdown timer for the fashion model eventually reaches 0. When that happens, the fashion model loses her power or influence. When the role-model loses power, his influence is computed using: `role-model-influence / (square of distance toward role-model) `. This calculation is adapted from the Social distance formula, as proposed by Nowak et al., (1990). let x one-of turtles with [immuned? = true] ;; Fashion-models immuned when dead let z distance x if z = 0 [set z 1] set Role-model-lost-effect (Fahsion-model-influence / z ^ 2) * **Agents decide whether to continue activity** If `Role-model-lost-effect > surround-activity`, the impact of the role-model losing influence while doing the activity is more than the influence of the surrounding doing the activity, the agent decides not to continue with the activity. * **Determine Self-esteem** This portion of the calculation is adapted from the code by Nigel Gilbert (see related models). After the fashion model no longer influences the agents, all the agents begin to consider the self-esteem values of their surroundings. If the surrounding self-esteem values are higher than the self-esteem values of the individual, the individual is affected by the surroundings. ## HOW TO USE IT 1.Press **Setup** to create the agents. * Influential-radius: How far can the role-model influence * Health: The health of the role-model. This value will decrease as the simulation runs. When the value reaches 0, the role-model dies. 2.Press **Go** to begin simulation. 3.Click on **Pick random Fashion model** to introduce a new fashion model into the simulation. ## THINGS TO NOTICE This model was designed for only 1 fashion model to be introduced into the simulation. Thus, adding more fashion models will not make the computation accurate. ## THINGS TO TRY Do you think whether the radius of influence will affect the activity of the agents after the Role-model is gone? What happens if the size of the world is smaller / larger? Is there a difference in the results? What if the fashion-model-influence is smaller / larger? How do you think this will affect the agents? What do you notice about the self-esteem and activity (green agents) if the influence is very large? ## EXTENDING THE MODEL * Adapt the model to different situations aside from looking at role-models _E.g. If you intend to model a disaster, the role-model becomes the disastrous event and you can then observe the aftermath of the disaster._ * Give more variables to the agents, such as resistance to Role-model influence, the strength of an agent's own influence etc (_see related models_). ## RELATED MODELS This model uses an equation which is the Social Distance Model proposed by Nowak et al, (1990); The Community Model which adapts the similar equation is done by Nigel Gilbert http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/models/community/Sitsim ## CREDITS AND REFERENCES Brenner, J. B., & Cunningham, J. G. (1992). Gender differences in eating attitudes, body concept, and self-esteem among models. Sex Roles, 27(7), 413-437. Escamilla, G., Cradock, A. L., & Kawachi, I. (2000). Women and smoking in Hollywood movies: a content analysis. American Journal of Public Health,90(3), 412. Ferguson, C. J. (2012). Positive Female Role-Models Eliminate Negative Effects of Sexually Violent Media. Journal Of Communication, 62(5), 888-899. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01666.x Grabe, S., Ward, L. M., & Hyde, J. S. (2008). The role of the media in body image concerns among women: a meta-analysis of experimental and correlational studies. Psychological bulletin, 134(3), 460. Healy, N., Cantillon, P., Malone, C., & Kerin, M. (n.d). Role models and mentors in surgery. American Journal Of Surgery, 204(2), 256-261. Lockwood, P., Jordan, C. H., & Kunda, Z. (2002). Motivation by positive or negative role models: regulatory focus determines who will best inspire us. Journal of personality and social psychology, 83(4), 854. Nowak, A., Szamrej, J., & Latané, B. (1990). From private attitude to public opinion: A dynamic theory of social impact. Psychological Review, 97, 362 – 376 Posavac, S. S., & Posavac, H. D. (2002). Predictors of women's concern with body weight: the roles of perceived self-media ideal discrepancies and self-esteem. Eating Disorders, 10(2), 153-160. SHEIN, P., & CHIOU, W. (2011). TEACHERS AS ROLE MODELS FOR STUDENTS' LEARNING STYLES. Social Behavior & Personality: An International Journal, 39(8), 1097-1104. Sirikulchayanonta, C., edsee, K., Shuaytong, P., & Srisorrachatr, S. (2010). Using food experience, multimedia and role models for promoting fruit and vegetable consumption in Bangkok kindergarten children. 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