;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;Departure probability during collective movements in macaques ;; by Cédric Sueur, Jean-Louis Deneubourg et Petit ;; to use this model, please cite: Sueur, C., Petit, O. & Deneubourg, J.L. in press. Selective mimetism at departure in collective movements of Macaca tonkeana: a theoretical and experimental approach. Animal Behaviour, doi: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.07.029 ;;For information please contact Cédric Sueur at cedric.sueur@c-strasbourg.fr ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; breed [macaques macaque] macaques-own [activity] ;; activity 0 : repos; activity 1: moving; activity 2: foraging patches-own [area] ;; 0 : repos; 1 : fourragement globals [clock simulations adhesion-time mimetic-coefficient ] to setup ca set simulations 1 ask patches [ if ((distancexy (-0.8 * max-pxcor) (0.8 * max-pycor)) < 5) [ set area 1 set pcolor green] if ((distancexy 0 0) < 5) [ set area 0 set pcolor brown] ] end to simulate ct clear-plot set clock 0 set adhesion-time 0 create-custom-macaques number-of-macaques [facexy -28 28 set shape "monkey" set size 2 set activity 0] set mimetic-coefficient 0.05 output-write "sim " + simulations ifelse mimetism? [dependent] [independent] output-print " " ifelse simulations < simulations-number [set simulations simulations + 1 simulate] [stop simulate] end to dependent ask macaques [if activity = 0 [ifelse resting-macaques = number-of-macaques [if random-float 1 <= ((1 / resting-time)/ number-of-macaques)*(resting-macaques) [fd 1 set activity 1 do-plot output-write adhesion-time set adhesion-time 0] ] [if random-float 1 <= (((1 / resting-time)/(number-of-macaques))+(mimetic-coefficient * follower)) [fd 1 set activity 1 do-plot output-write adhesion-time set adhesion-time 0] ] ] if activity = 1 [ifelse patch-here = patch -28 28 [fd 0 set activity 2] [fd 1] ] ] set clock clock + 1 set adhesion-time adhesion-time + 1 ifelse resting-macaques < number-of-macaques [if resting-macaques >= 1 [ifelse adhesion-limit? [if adhesion-time <= time-of-adhesion-limit [dependent] ] [dependent] ]] [dependent] end to independent ask macaques [if activity = 0 [if random-float 1 <= ((1 / resting-time)/ number-of-macaques)*(resting-macaques) [fd 1 set activity 1 do-plot output-write adhesion-time set adhesion-time 0] ] if activity = 1 [ifelse patch-here = patch -28 28 [fd 0 set activity 2] [fd 1] ] ] set clock clock + 1 set adhesion-time adhesion-time + 1 ifelse resting-macaques < number-of-macaques [if resting-macaques >= 1 [ifelse adhesion-limit? [if adhesion-time <= time-of-adhesion-limit [independent] ] [independent] ]] [independent] end to-report resting-macaques report count macaques-at 0 0 end to-report follower report number-of-macaques - resting-macaques end to do-plot set-current-plot "adhesion-time" set-current-plot-pen "adhesion-time" plot adhesion-time end @#$#@#$#@ GRAPHICS-WINDOW 303 10 810 538 35 35 7.0 1 10 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 -35 35 -35 35 CC-WINDOW 5 552 1206 647 Command Center 0 BUTTON 22 10 85 43 NIL setup NIL 1 T OBSERVER T NIL SLIDER 24 91 294 124 number-of-macaques number-of-macaques 0 100 10 1 1 NIL SLIDER 25 135 294 168 resting-time resting-time 0 20000 11575 1 1 NIL SLIDER 25 49 294 82 simulations-number simulations-number 0 1000 1000 1 1 NIL BUTTON 100 10 177 43 NIL simulate NIL 1 T OBSERVER T NIL MONITOR 27 198 84 247 NIL clock 3 1 MONITOR 102 199 175 248 NIL simulations 3 1 SWITCH 185 200 296 233 mimetism? mimetism? 0 1 -1000 MONITOR 28 264 118 313 NIL adhesion-time 0 1 SLIDER 29 327 294 360 time-of-adhesion-limit time-of-adhesion-limit 1 3000 300 1 1 NIL SWITCH 145 266 281 299 adhesion-limit? adhesion-limit? 0 1 -1000 PLOT 817 12 1194 293 adhesion-time follower adhesion-time 0.0 20.0 0.0 200.0 true false PENS "default" 1.0 1 -16777216 true "adhesion-time" 1.0 1 -16777216 true OUTPUT 823 300 1197 536 @#$#@#$#@ WHAT IS IT? ----------- This model allows to understand if individuals living in groups move collectively or not. He used mathematical equations found in several studies from insects to primates. In thismodel, two hypotheses can be tested: either individuals are independent and then, their probaility to move only depends on an intrinsec coefficient, either they are dependent and then, a mimetic factor is responsible on their joining and their probability to join the movement.This model was used to test how a group of Tonkean macaques decide collectively to move. To have more information about this study and to used this model, please see and cite: Sueur, C., Petit, O. & Deneubourg, J.L. in press. Selective mimetism at departure in collective movements of Macaca tonkeana: a theoretical and experimental approach. Animal Behaviour, doi: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.07.029. HOW IT WORKS ------------ The resting time corresponded to the duration during which this individual was stationary, that is carrying out an activity other than moving.We calculated the departure latency of the first departing individual ?T01 by scoring the time elapsed between the end of the previous collective movement and the departure of this individual, i.e the resting time. This resting time also corresponds to the intrinsec coefficient of each individual. In a mimetic process where the departure probability is proportional to the number of individuals already moving, the probability per unit time that one of the n resting agents became the jth joiner is (1 / resting-time) / (number-of-macaques))+(mimetic-coefficient * number-of-joiners)) In our study, we st the mimetic coefficient at 0.05, but you can change it in the procedures. In order to know how to calculate a mimetic coefficient, see: Sueur, C., Petit, O. & Deneubourg, J.L. in press. Selective mimetism at departure in collective movements of Macaca tonkeana: a theoretical and experimental approach. Animal Behaviour, doi: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.07.029. The adhesion limit allow to set a limt of joining for individuals. For instance, we set an adhesion limt of 900s in our study because we considered a collective movement as finished when no individual joined the movement within 5 min of the departure of the first individual or the last individual to join HOW TO USE IT ------------- This section could explain how to use the model, including a description of each of the items in the interface tab. THINGS TO NOTICE ---------------- This section could give some ideas of things for the user to notice while running the model. THINGS TO TRY ------------- This section could give some ideas of things for the user to try to do (move sliders, switches, etc.) with the model. EXTENDING THE MODEL ------------------- This section could give some ideas of things to add or change in the procedures tab to make the model more complicated, detailed, accurate, etc. NETLOGO FEATURES ---------------- This section could point out any especially interesting or unusual features of NetLogo that the model makes use of, particularly in the Procedures tab. It might also point out places where workarounds were needed because of missing features. RELATED MODELS -------------- This section could give the names of models in the NetLogo Models Library or elsewhere which are of related interest. CREDITS AND REFERENCES ---------------------- This section could contain a reference to the model's URL on the web if it has one, as well as any other necessary credits or references. @#$#@#$#@ default true 0 Polygon -7500403 true true 150 5 40 250 150 205 260 250 link true 0 Line -7500403 true 150 0 150 300 link direction true 0 Line -7500403 true 150 150 30 225 Line -7500403 true 150 150 270 225 airplane true 0 Polygon -7500403 true true 150 0 135 15 120 60 120 105 15 165 15 195 120 180 135 240 105 270 120 285 150 270 180 285 210 270 165 240 180 180 285 195 285 165 180 105 180 60 165 15 arrow true 0 Polygon -7500403 true true 150 0 0 150 105 150 105 293 195 293 195 150 300 150 box false 0 Polygon -7500403 true true 150 285 285 225 285 75 150 135 Polygon -7500403 true true 150 135 15 75 150 15 285 75 Polygon -7500403 true true 15 75 15 225 150 285 150 135 Line -16777216 false 150 285 150 135 Line -16777216 false 150 135 15 75 Line -16777216 false 150 135 285 75 bug true 0 Circle 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