globals [ph w] to open ;summary and instructions ifelse (w = 1 or w = 2)[stop][ cg ca crt 1 text-1] end to setup-rock&shadow ca set w 1 ;controls wave procedure set ph 0 ;moves the sea along the shore ask patches with [(pxcor <= -11) and (pycor <= -17)][set pcolor 7] ;sets rock color ask patches with [(pxcor = -10) and (pycor = -19)][set pcolor 7] ask patches with [((pxcor = -10) or (pxcor = -9)) and (pycor = -20)][set pcolor 1] ;sets shade color ask patches with [((pxcor = -9) or (pxcor = -8)) and (pycor = -19)][set pcolor 1] ask patches with [(pxcor >= -12) and (pxcor <= -8) and (pycor = -18)][set pcolor 1] ask patches with [(pxcor >= -15) and (pxcor <= -10) and (pycor = -17)][set pcolor 1] ask patches with [(pxcor >= -30) and (pxcor <= -14) and (pycor = -16)][set pcolor 1] end to setup-nest-and-run-hatchlings if (w = 2)[ crt 1 ask turtle 0[set color 49 setxy 28 -5] ;setup predator crt 8 ask turtles with [color != 49][set color 39 setxy 0 -18 set shape "turtle" set size 2 ;turtle nest repeat 10[set color color - 0.5 ask turtle 5[set color 39] fd 0.1 wait 1.25]set heading 0];hatching ask turtle 0[set heading 240 repeat 29[bird]]ask turtle 4[die] ;predator ask turtle 0[set heading 200 repeat 1[bird]ht setxy 0 -20] ask turtle 1[rt 5] ask turtle 2[rt 20] ask turtle 3[rt 30] ;heading turtles ask turtle 6[lt 84] ask turtle 7[rt 30] ask turtles with [color = 34][wait 2.5 repeat 35[walk]] ;walk turtles ask turtle 0[st set heading 0 repeat 10[bird]] ask turtle 8[die] ;predator ask turtle 0[set heading 200 repeat 11[bird]ht setxy 28 -5] ask turtles with [color = 34][repeat 17[ifelse (color-ahead = 79)[fd 2 die][walk]]] ;walk turtles ask turtle 0[st set heading 260 repeat 22[bird]] ask turtle 3[die] ;predator ask turtle 0[set heading 180 repeat 10[bird]ht die] ask turtles with [color = 34][repeat 20[ifelse (color-ahead = 79)[fd 2 die][walk]]] ;walk turtles ask turtle 5[set color 33 repeat 15[walk]] ;hatch eighth ask turtle 6[set color 33 set heading 0 repeat 5[walk]] ;position T6 ask turtle 5[repeat 100[ifelse (color-farahead = 49)[set color 34 ;detect sea edge ask turtles with [color = 34][repeat 100[ ;walk turtles ifelse (color-ahead = 79)[fd 2 die][walk]]]][wait 0.25]]] ;detect sea ;walk turtles ask turtle 6 [set plabel-color 45 set plabel "T6 waits for sea to be furthest "repeat 100[ ;walk T6 ifelse (color-farahead = 49)[repeat 100[ifelse (color-ahead = 79)[ ;detect sea edge and sea set plabel-color 0 set plabel "'I' made it!" wait 2 die][walk]]][wait 0.25]]] ;walk T6 into sea set w 3 crt 1 text-2 stop] end to run-waves every 0.26 [ ;"every 0.26" controls wave period ifelse (w = 3)[stop][set w 2 ask patches[ ifelse (pcolor = 7)[set pcolor 7][ ;retains rock color ifelse (pcolor = 1)[set pcolor 1][ ;retains shade color ifelse ((pycor + 6 * sin(3 * pxcor + ph)) > random 5)[ ifelse (random 50 = 0)[set pcolor 9.999][ ifelse (pcolor = 49)[set pcolor 9.999][set pcolor 79]]][ ;sets sea colors set pcolor 49]]]]] ;sets sands color set ph ph + 3] ;to progress the sea along the shore end to walk fd 0.2 wait 0.25 ;turtles walk end to bird set shape "bird1" set color 6 set size 7 fd 0.5 wait 0.05 ;half of a flapping bird set shape "bird2" set color 9.9 set size 6 fd 0.5 wait 0.05 ;the other half end to-report color-ahead report pcolor-of patch-at dx dy ;detects sea end to-report color-farahead report pcolor-of patch-at (24 * dx) (24 * dy) ;detects distant sea edge end to text-1 ask turtles[setxy 27 20 plcw set plabel "SELF-AWARENESS is for human beings that feeling of existing, it is the stuff of survival, it has an evolutionary advantage. "] ask turtles[setxy 30 19 plcw set plabel "When spiced with emotion, meaning is added giving 'I', the subject of much philosophical and scientific debate; but how common is "] ask turtles[setxy 30 18 plcw set plabel "self-awareness and is it a simple property of conscious brain activity. This model will examine how self-awareness can be expected to"] ask turtles[setxy 22 17 plcw set plabel "arise in a conscious brain. NEXT go to Information for BACKGROUND plus notes on THE ANIMATION. "] ask turtles[setxy 3 15 plcw set plabel "For THE ANIMATION Press SETUP ROCK, then SETUP NEST, then RUN."] end to text-2 ask turtles[setxy -23 20 plcy set plabel "CONCLUSIONS "] ask turtles[setxy 29 19 plcy set plabel "On two occasions T6 observed, deliberated, decided and acted. That should qualify as conscious action, but could self-awareness "] ask turtles[setxy 30 18 plcy set plabel "have been detected? Yes, if there was an interpretable act of communication, even if it was as little as an emotional wag of the tail. "] ask turtles[setxy 29 17 plcy set plabel "In the absence of language self-awareness can be so easily missed, it has no physical manifestation but it can be detected in other"] ask turtles[setxy 29 16 plcy set plabel "communications as described in BACKGROUND. There have been attempts to explain the source of self-awareness with inventions"] ask turtles[setxy 29 15 plcy set plabel "such as mind separate from the brain, or a homunculus or a single point of awareness or a special section or special activity, within"] ask turtles[setxy 29 14 plcy set plabel "the brain. Whereas, given that the brain is the creature, human or otherwise and the brain is aware of its own activity, like seeing, "] ask turtles[setxy 16 13 plcy set plabel "like preparing something to be communicated, no more should be needed to explain self-awareness. "] ask turtles[setxy 28 12 plcy set plabel "Self-awareness can be understood without recourse to special effects. It can be seen as the inevitable result of evolution giving "] ask turtles[setxy 28 11 plcy set plabel "creatures the combination of some processing power together with a drive to communicate and the means to communicate. This"] ask turtles[setxy 30 10 plcy set plabel "drive to communicate is probably recognisable in all creatures with the mammalian brain, especially in those that form social groups."] ask turtles[setxy 30 9 plcy set plabel "The evolving brain of humans provided a lot of processing power and a drive to communicate as strong as that for procreation, also "] ask turtles[setxy 30 8 plcy set plabel "the physiology for spoken language, the latter providing the brain of a human with outstanding opportunities for shared experience "] ask turtles[setxy 28 7 plcy set plabel "and knowledge. When creatures communicate there is a need for identification and for those forming social groups identities are"] ask turtles[setxy 29 6 plcy set plabel "evident even when the means of communication are limited. So it must have been for early human beings but, when spoken "] ask turtles[setxy 15 5 plcy set plabel "language arrived, identification by 'I' would have become essential to the communication process. "] ask turtles[setxy -16 4 plcy set plabel "Thus everything was in place: "] ask turtles[setxy 23 3 plcy set plabel "*the processing power coming from a huge number of neurons and an even larger number of interconnections"] ask turtles[setxy 10 2 plcy set plabel "*the cleverness coming from a genetic program and through nurture and culture "] ask turtles[setxy 25 1 plcy set plabel "for a brain to imagine 'I' and self-awareness as transcendental phenomena; but, that can now be considered an illusion. "] ask turtles[setxy 7 0 plcy set plabel "Yes, but what is it 'to imagine'?.........Good question, that requires another model. "] end to plcw ht set plabel-color 9.999 end to plcy ht set plabel-color 15 end @#$#@#$#@ GRAPHICS-WINDOW 155 10 782 431 30 20 10.278688524590164 1 10 0 1 CC-WINDOW 4 373 143 434 Command Center BUTTON 24 64 121 97 setup rock setup-rock&shadow NIL 1 T OBSERVER BUTTON 22 161 118 194 run run-waves T 1 T OBSERVER BUTTON 22 113 120 146 setup nest setup-nest-and-run-hatchlings T 1 T OBSERVER BUTTON 24 16 121 49 NIL open NIL 1 T OBSERVER @#$#@#$#@ SELF-AWARENESS is for human beings that feeling of existing, it is the stuff of survival, it has an evolutionary advantage. When spiced with emotion, meaning is added giving 'I', the subject of much philosophical and scientific debate; but how common is self-awareness and is it a simple property of conscious brain activity. This model will examine how self-awareness can be expected to arise in a conscious brain. BACKGROUND Creatures have a brain that provides automatic responses for several important requirements of its body, including body regulation, mobility plus survival actions and the initial processing of sensor inputs. This limited brain is without consciousness and is sometimes called the reptilian brain. Mammals have the reptilian brain providing the automatic responses but with some additions. First improved general abilities, then consciousness with anything from tiny to vast information processing power. After a learning phase, a mammalian brain is able to deal with matters tolerant of some time delay and requiring individual consideration. A conscious brain gains greatly from language and communication with other brains, but without these, offers much less evolutionary advantage. Self-awareness is easily made evident through language but it should be detectable from other forms of communication. To display intentionally is to be self-aware. A creature will have a reason for deliberately communicating and to have a reason is to be self-aware. Therefore if creatures with a mammalian brain communicate what is clearly not a reflex, automatic gesture or display by the unconscious brain, it is very likely that the creatures are being self-aware. THE ANIMATION [Disclaimer: Turtles as reptiles have the unconscious reptilian brain, but the author felt obliged to choose them for the animation because of the origins of Logo turtles, that is from studies of the brain, see FR 1 & 2 below] Press OPEN for an introduction, then SETUP ROCK, then SETUP NEST, then RUN. The model opens on a sandy beach, with the outline of a turtles nest adjacent to a rock, which is making a shadow. Seven of eight turtles hatch but a predator appears, a silver-wing gull, and takes a hatchling. Five make for the water but turtle 6 (T6) has noticed that things are less distinct in shadow and moves to the shadow of the nearby rock. Two more hatchlings are lost and three continue to the sea; also the last turtle hatches and makes for the water. T6 watches them all and in particular the last to hatch. >From this T6 concludes that the walk to the sea will be shortest if started when the sea is at its furthest from its position. The ('I' made it!) label is what T6 might have said given the power of speech; alternatively, emotion might have wagged its tail. Finally CONCLUSIONS appear on the display. CONCLUSIONS On two occasions T6 observed, deliberated, decided and acted. That should qualify as conscious action, but could self-awareness have been detected? Yes, if there was an interpretable act of communication, even if it was as little as an emotional wag of the tail. In the absence of language self-awareness can be so easily missed, it has no physical manifestation but it can be detected in other communications as described in BACKGROUND. There have been attempts to explain the source of self-awareness with inventions such as mind separate from the brain, or a homunculus or a single point of awareness or a special section or special activity, within the brain. Whereas, given that the brain is the creature, human or otherwise and the brain is aware of its own activity, like seeing, like preparing something to be communicated, no more should be needed to explain self-awareness. Self-awareness can be under- stood without recourse to special effects. It can be seen as the inevitable result of evolution giving creatures the combination of some processing power together with a drive to communicate and the means to communicate. This drive to communicate is probably recognisable in all creatures with the mammalian brain, especially in those that form social groups. The evolving brain of humans provided a lot of processing power and a drive to communicate as strong as that for procreation, also the physiology for spoken language, the latter providing the brain with outstanding opportunities for shared experience and knowledge. When creatures communicate there is a need for identification and for those forming social groups identities are evident even when the means of communication are limited. So it must have been for early human beings but, when spoken language arrived, identification by 'I' would have become essential to the communication process. Thus everything was in place: *the processing power coming from a huge number of neurons and an even larger number of interconnections *the cleverness coming from a genetic program and through nurture and culture for a brain to imagine 'I' and SELF-AWARENESS as transcendental phenomena; but, that can now be considered an illusion. Yes, but what is it "to imagine"?........Good question, that requires another model. FURTHER READING FR. 1 http://lcs.www.media.mit.edu/groups/el/projects/circles/turtles.html FR. 2 The Living Brain by W.Grey Walter. Duckworth, London, 1953. FR. 3 Mapping The Mind by Rita Carter. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1998. ISBN 0 297 62330 2 FR. 4 Conciousness-How Matter Becomes Imagination by Gerald M. Edelman and Giulio Tononi. Penguin, London, 2000, also in the USA as A Universe of Conciousness, Perseus Books, 2000. FR. 5 Phantoms In The Brain-Human Nature And The Architecture Of The Mind by V.S. Ramachandran and Sandra Blakeslee. Fourth Estate, London 1998. ISBN 1 85702 895 3 FR. 6 The Human Computer by Mark Jeffery. Little, Brown and Company, London, 1999. 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