globals [ max-consumers ] ; don't let sheep population grow too large ; Sheep and wolves are both breeds of turtle. breed [ consumers consumer ] ; sheep is its own plural, so we use "a-sheep" as the singular. breed [ businessmen businessman ] turtles-own [ money ] ; both wolves and sheep have energy patches-own [ countdown ] to setup clear-all ifelse netlogo-web? [set max-consumers 10000] [set max-consumers 30000] ; Check model-version switch ; if we're not modeling product, then the sheep don't need to eat to survive ; otherwise the product's state of growth and growing logic need to be set up ifelse model-version = "sheep-wolves-product" [ ask patches [ set pcolor one-of [ green brown ] ifelse pcolor = green [ set countdown product-regrowth-time ] [ set countdown random product-regrowth-time ] ; initialize product regrowth clocks randomly for brown patches ] ] [ ask patches [ set pcolor green ] ] create-consumers initial-number-consumers ; create the sheep, then initialize their variables [ set shape "cart" set color white set size 2 ; easier to see set label-color blue - 2 set money random (2 * consumer-gain-from-food) setxy random-xcor random-ycor ] create-businessmen initial-number-businessmen ; create the wolves, then initialize their variables [ set shape "person business" set color black set size 2 ; easier to see set money random (2 * businessman-gain-from-food) setxy random-xcor random-ycor ] display-labels reset-ticks end to go ; stop the simulation of no wolves or sheep if not any? turtles [ stop ] ; stop the model if there are no wolves and the number of sheep gets very large if not any? businessmen and count consumers > max-consumers [ user-message "The sheep have inherited the earth" stop ] ask consumers [ move if model-version = "sheep-wolves-product" [ ; in this version, sheep eat product, product grows and it costs sheep energy to move set money money - 1 ; deduct energy for sheep only if running sheep-wolf-product model version eat-product ; sheep eat product only if running sheep-wolf-product model version death ; sheep die from starvation only if running sheep-wolf-product model version ] reproduce-sheep ; sheep reproduce at random rate governed by slider ] ask businessmen [ move set money money - 1 ; wolves lose energy as they move eat-consumer ; wolves eat a sheep on their patch death ; wolves die if our of energy reproduce-wolves ; wolves reproduce at random rate governed by slider ] if model-version = "sheep-wolves-product" [ ask patches [ grow-product ] ] ; set product count patches with [pcolor = green] tick display-labels end to move ; turtle procedure rt random 50 lt random 50 fd 1 end to eat-product ; sheep procedure ; sheep eat product, turn the patch brown if pcolor = green [ set pcolor brown set money money + consumer-gain-from-food ; sheep gain energy by eating ] end to reproduce-sheep ; sheep procedure if random-float 100 < consumer-reproduce [ ; throw "dice" to see if you will reproduce set money (money / 2) ; divide energy between parent and offspring hatch 1 [ rt random-float 360 fd 1 ] ; hatch an offspring and move it forward 1 step ] end to reproduce-wolves ; wolf procedure if random-float 100 < businessmen-reproduce [ ; throw "dice" to see if you will reproduce set money (money / 2) ; divide energy between parent and offspring hatch 1 [ rt random-float 360 fd 1 ] ; hatch an offspring and move it forward 1 step ] end to eat-consumer ; wolf procedure let prey one-of consumers-here ; grab a random sheep if prey != nobody [ ; did we get one? if so, ask prey [ die ] ; kill it, and... set money money + businessman-gain-from-food ; get energy from eating ] end to death ; turtle procedure (i.e. both wolf nd sheep procedure) ; when energy dips below zero, die if money < 0 [ die ] end to grow-product ; patch procedure ; countdown on brown patches: if reach 0, grow some product if pcolor = brown [ ifelse countdown <= 0 [ set pcolor green set countdown product-regrowth-time ] [ set countdown countdown - 1 ] ] end to-report product ifelse model-version = "sheep-wolves-product" [ report patches with [pcolor = green] ] [ report 0 ] end to display-labels ask turtles [ set label "" ] if show-money? [ ask businessmen [ set label round money ] if model-version = "sheep-wolves-product" [ ask consumers [ set label round money ] ] ] end ; Copyright 1997 Uri Wilensky. ; See Info tab for full copyright and license. @#$#@#$#@ GRAPHICS-WINDOW 410 10 928 529 -1 -1 10.0 1 14 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 -25 25 -25 25 1 1 1 ticks 30.0 SLIDER 5 60 189 93 initial-number-consumers initial-number-consumers 0 250 100.0 1 1 NIL HORIZONTAL SLIDER 6 197 190 230 consumer-gain-from-food consumer-gain-from-food 0.0 50.0 4.0 1.0 1 NIL HORIZONTAL SLIDER 5 231 179 264 consumer-reproduce consumer-reproduce 1.0 20.0 3.0 1.0 1 % HORIZONTAL SLIDER 185 60 383 93 initial-number-businessmen initial-number-businessmen 0 250 50.0 1 1 NIL HORIZONTAL SLIDER 183 195 390 228 businessman-gain-from-food businessman-gain-from-food 0.0 100.0 16.0 1.0 1 NIL HORIZONTAL SLIDER 183 231 372 264 businessmen-reproduce businessmen-reproduce 0.0 20.0 0.0 1.0 1 % HORIZONTAL SLIDER 40 100 252 133 product-regrowth-time product-regrowth-time 0 100 34.0 1 1 NIL HORIZONTAL BUTTON 40 140 109 173 setup setup NIL 1 T OBSERVER NIL NIL NIL NIL 1 BUTTON 115 140 190 173 go go T 1 T OBSERVER NIL NIL NIL NIL 0 PLOT 10 360 350 530 populations time pop. 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 true true "" "" PENS "consumers" 1.0 0 -612749 true "" "plot count consumers" "businessmen" 1.0 0 -16449023 true "" "plot count businessmen" "product" 1.0 0 -10899396 true "" "if model-version = \"sheep-wolves-product\" [ plot count product / 4 ]" MONITOR 41 308 111 353 consumers count consumers 3 1 11 MONITOR 115 308 199 353 businessmen count businessmen 3 1 11 MONITOR 203 309 265 354 product count product / 4 0 1 11 TEXTBOX 20 178 160 196 Sheep settings 11 0.0 0 TEXTBOX 198 176 311 194 Businessman settings 11 0.0 0 SWITCH 105 270 241 303 show-money? show-money? 0 1 -1000 CHOOSER 5 10 350 55 model-version model-version "sheep-wolves" "sheep-wolves-product" 0 @#$#@#$#@ ## WHAT IS IT? This model explores the stability of predator-prey ecosystems. Such a system is called unstable if it tends to result in extinction for one or more species involved. In contrast, a system is stable if it tends to maintain itself over time, despite fluctuations in population sizes. ## HOW IT WORKS There are two main variations to this model. In the first variation, the "sheep-wolves" version, wolves and sheep wander randomly around the landscape, while the wolves look for sheep to prey on. Each step costs the wolves energy, and they must eat sheep in order to replenish their energy - when they run out of energy they die. To allow the population to continue, each wolf or sheep has a fixed probability of reproducing at each time step. In this variation, we model the grass as "infinite" so that sheep always have enough to eat, and we don't explicitly model the eating or growing of grass. As such, sheep don't either gain or lose energy by eating or moving. This variation produces interesting population dynamics, but is ultimately unstable. This variation of the model is particularly well-suited to interacting species in a rich nutrient environment, such as two strains of bacteria in a petri dish (Gause, 1934). The second variation, the "sheep-wolves-grass" version explictly models grass (green) in addition to wolves and sheep. The behavior of the wolves is identical to the first variation, however this time the sheep must eat grass in order to maintain their energy - when they run out of energy they die. Once grass is eaten it will only regrow after a fixed amount of time. This variation is more complex than the first, but it is generally stable. It is a closer match to the classic Lotka Volterra population oscillation models. The classic LV models though assume the populations can take on real values, but in small populations these models underestimate extinctions and agent-based models such as the ones here, provide more realistic results. (See Wilensky & Rand, 2015; chapter 4). The construction of this model is described in two papers by Wilensky & Reisman (1998; 2006) referenced below. ## HOW TO USE IT 1. Set the model-version chooser to "sheep-wolves-grass" to include grass eating and growth in the model, or to "sheep-wolves" to only include wolves (black) and sheep (white). 2. Adjust the slider parameters (see below), or use the default settings. 3. Press the SETUP button. 4. Press the GO button to begin the simulation. 5. Look at the monitors to see the current population sizes 6. Look at the POPULATIONS plot to watch the populations fluctuate over time Parameters: MODEL-VERSION: Whether we model sheep wolves and grass or just sheep and wolves INITIAL-NUMBER-SHEEP: The initial size of sheep population INITIAL-NUMBER-WOLVES: The initial size of wolf population SHEEP-GAIN-FROM-FOOD: The amount of energy sheep get for every grass patch eaten (Note this is not used in the sheep-wolves model version) WOLF-GAIN-FROM-FOOD: The amount of energy wolves get for every sheep eaten SHEEP-REPRODUCE: The probability of a sheep reproducing at each time step WOLF-REPRODUCE: The probability of a wolf reproducing at each time step GRASS-REGROWTH-TIME: How long it takes for grass to regrow once it is eaten (Note this is not used in the sheep-wolves model version) SHOW-ENERGY?: Whether or not to show the energy of each animal as a number Notes: - one unit of energy is deducted for every step a wolf takes - when running the sheep-wolves-grass model version, one unit of energy is deducted for every step a sheep takes There are three monitors to show the populations of the wolves, sheep and grass and a populations plot to display the population values over time. If there are no wolves left and too many sheep, the model run stops. ## THINGS TO NOTICE When running the sheep-wolves model variation, watch as the sheep and wolf populations fluctuate. Notice that increases and decreases in the sizes of each population are related. In what way are they related? What eventually happens? In the sheep-wolves-grass model variation, notice the green line added to the population plot representing fluctuations in the amount of grass. How do the sizes of the three populations appear to relate now? What is the explanation for this? Why do you suppose that some variations of the model might be stable while others are not? ## THINGS TO TRY Try adjusting the parameters under various settings. How sensitive is the stability of the model to the particular parameters? Can you find any parameters that generate a stable ecosystem in the sheep-wolves model variation? Try running the sheep-wolves-grass model variation, but setting INITIAL-NUMBER-WOLVES to 0. This gives a stable ecosystem with only sheep and grass. Why might this be stable while the variation with only sheep and wolves is not? Notice that under stable settings, the populations tend to fluctuate at a predictable pace. Can you find any parameters that will speed this up or slow it down? ## EXTENDING THE MODEL There are a number ways to alter the model so that it will be stable with only wolves and sheep (no grass). Some will require new elements to be coded in or existing behaviors to be changed. Can you develop such a version? Try changing the reproduction rules -- for example, what would happen if reproduction depended on energy rather than being determined by a fixed probability? Can you modify the model so the sheep will flock? Can you modify the model so that wolves actively chase sheep? ## NETLOGO FEATURES Note the use of breeds to model two different kinds of "turtles": wolves and sheep. Note the use of patches to model grass. Note use of the ONE-OF agentset reporter to select a random sheep to be eaten by a wolf. ## RELATED MODELS Look at Rabbits Grass Weeds for another model of interacting populations with different rules. ## CREDITS AND REFERENCES Wilensky, U. & Reisman, K. (1998). Connected Science: Learning Biology through Constructing and Testing Computational Theories -- an Embodied Modeling Approach. International Journal of Complex Systems, M. 234, pp. 1 - 12. (The Wolf-Sheep-Predation model is a slightly extended version of the model described in the paper.) Wilensky, U. & Reisman, K. (2006). Thinking like a Wolf, a Sheep or a Firefly: Learning Biology through Constructing and Testing Computational Theories -- an Embodied Modeling Approach. Cognition & Instruction, 24(2), pp. 171-209. http://ccl.northwestern.edu/papers/wolfsheep.pdf . Wilensky, U., & Rand, W. (2015). An introduction to agent-based modeling: Modeling natural, social and engineered complex systems with NetLogo. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Lotka, A. J. (1925). Elements of physical biology. New York: Dover. Volterra, V. (1926, October 16). Fluctuations in the abundance of a species considered mathematically. Nature, 118, 558–560. Gause, G. F. (1934). The struggle for existence. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. ## HOW TO CITE If you mention this model or the NetLogo software in a publication, we ask that you include the citations below. For the model itself: * Wilensky, U. (1997). NetLogo Wolf Sheep Predation model. http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/models/WolfSheepPredation. Center for Connected Learning and Computer-Based Modeling, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL. Please cite the NetLogo software as: * Wilensky, U. (1999). NetLogo. http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/. Center for Connected Learning and Computer-Based Modeling, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL. ## COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE Copyright 1997 Uri Wilensky. ![CC BY-NC-SA 3.0](http://ccl.northwestern.edu/images/creativecommons/byncsa.png) This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 559 Nathan Abbott Way, Stanford, California 94305, USA. Commercial licenses are also available. To inquire about commercial licenses, please contact Uri Wilensky at uri@northwestern.edu. This model was created as part of the project: CONNECTED MATHEMATICS: MAKING SENSE OF COMPLEX PHENOMENA THROUGH BUILDING OBJECT-BASED PARALLEL MODELS (OBPML). The project gratefully acknowledges the support of the National Science Foundation (Applications of Advanced Technologies Program) -- grant numbers RED #9552950 and REC #9632612. This model was converted to NetLogo as part of the projects: PARTICIPATORY SIMULATIONS: NETWORK-BASED DESIGN FOR SYSTEMS LEARNING IN CLASSROOMS and/or INTEGRATED SIMULATION AND MODELING ENVIRONMENT. The project gratefully acknowledges the support of the National Science Foundation (REPP & ROLE programs) -- grant numbers REC #9814682 and REC-0126227. 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true 30 75 75 30 270 225 225 270 @#$#@#$#@ NetLogo 6.0.2 @#$#@#$#@ set model-version "sheep-wolves-grass" set show-energy? false setup repeat 75 [ go ] @#$#@#$#@ @#$#@#$#@ @#$#@#$#@ @#$#@#$#@ default 0.0 -0.2 0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1 1.0 0.0 0.2 0 0.0 1.0 link direction true 0 Line -7500403 true 150 150 90 180 Line -7500403 true 150 150 210 180 @#$#@#$#@ 1 @#$#@#$#@