Breed [persons person] Breed [cows cow] Breed [oocysts oocyst] Breed [veterinarians veterinarian] Breed [doctors doctor] Breed [wtps wtp] persons-own [age sick-count] cows-own [age sick-count] oocysts-own [age ] globals [lifespan carrying-capacity average-offspring] to setup clear-all create-persons 30 [set shape "person" setxy random-xcor random-ycor set size 3 set color white set age random lifespan set lifespan 3000 set carrying-capacity 50 set average-offspring 2 set sick-count 0] create-cows 30 [set shape "cow" setxy random-xcor random-ycor set size 3 set color green set age random lifespan set lifespan 3000 set carrying-capacity 50 set average-offspring 6 set sick-count 0] ask n-of 15 cows [set color red] create-oocysts 20 [set shape "oocyst" setxy random-xcor random-ycor set size 1.5 set age random lifespan set lifespan 1000 set carrying-capacity 50 set average-offspring 2] set-default-shape doctors "doctor" create-doctors Number_of_doctors ;; [ set size 3.5 ;; setxy random-xcor random-ycor] set-default-shape veterinarians "veterinarian" create-veterinarians Bovine_vaccination ;; [ set size 3.5 ;; setxy random-xcor random-ycor] set-default-shape wtps "wtp" create-wtps water_treatment_plants ;; [ set color grey set size 5.5 ;; setxy random-xcor random-ycor] end to go move reproduce get-older infect immunize cure update-plots end to get-older ask persons [set age age + 1 if age > lifespan [die]] ask cows [set age age + 1 if age > lifespan [die]] ask turtles with [shape = "oocyst"] [set age age + 0.01 if age > lifespan [die]] tick end to move ask persons [ rt random 100 ;; lt random 100 ;; fd 1] tick ask cows [ rt random 100 ;; lt random 100 ;; fd 1] tick ask oocysts [ rt random 100 ;; lt random 100 ;; fd 1] tick ask doctors [ rt random 100 ;; lt random 100 ;; fd 1] tick ask veterinarians [ rt random 100 ;; lt random 100 ;; fd 1] tick ask doctors [ rt random 100 ;; lt random 100 ;; fd 1] tick end to reproduce ask persons [if count persons < carrying-capacity and (random lifespan) < average-offspring [hatch 1 [set age 1 set size 3 set shape "person" set color white lt 45]]] ask cows [ if count cows < carrying-capacity and (random lifespan) < average-offspring [hatch 1 [set age 1 set size 3 set shape "cow" set color green lt 45 fd 1]]] ask oocysts [if count cows with [color = red] > 1 [ask oocysts [if count oocysts < carrying-capacity and (random lifespan) < average-offspring [hatch 1 [ set size 1.5 lt 45 fd 1]]]]] end to infect ask oocysts [ask cows with [color = green] in-radius 1.5 [set color red set size 3 set sick-count sick-count + 1]] ask oocysts [ask persons in-radius 0.045 [set color magenta set size 3 set sick-count sick-count + 1]] if count persons with [color = magenta] < 1 and count cows with [color = red] < 1 [ask oocysts [die]] end to immunize ask persons with [color = magenta] [if age > (lifespan / 2 ) [set shape "person" set size 3 set color blue]] ;; ask cows with [color = red] [if age > (lifespan / 2) [set shape "cow" set size 3 set color sky]] end to cure ask doctors [ask persons with [color = magenta] in-radius 1.5 [set color green]];; ask doctors [ask oocysts in-radius 0.65 [die]]; ask doctors [ rt random 100 ;; lt random 100 ;; fd 1] tick ask veterinarians [ask cows with [color = red] in-radius 0.75 [set color sky]];; ask veterinarians [ask oocysts in-radius 0.1 [die]]; ask veterinarians [ rt random 100 ;; lt random 100 ;; fd 1] tick ask wtps [ask oocysts in-radius 0.1 [die]]; tick end to update-plots set-current-plot "Infected populations" set-current-plot-pen "Infected bovines" plot count cows with [color = red] set-current-plot "Infected populations" set-current-plot-pen "Infected humans" plot count persons with [color = magenta] end @#$#@#$#@ GRAPHICS-WINDOW 376 10 844 499 16 16 13.9 1 10 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 -16 16 -16 16 1 1 1 ticks PLOT 62 376 344 526 Infected populations Time cows 0.0 1000.0 0.0 50.0 true true PENS "Infected humans" 1.0 0 -16777216 true "Infected bovines" 1.0 0 -2674135 true BUTTON 74 75 204 108 1) SETUP - Preparación setup NIL 1 T OBSERVER NIL NIL NIL NIL MONITOR 209 320 332 365 % Infected humans count persons with [color = magenta] / count persons * 100 1 1 11 MONITOR 74 320 197 365 % Infected bovines count cows with [color = red] / count cows * 100 1 1 11 TEXTBOX 75 13 321 72 PARASITIC ZOONOSES - ZOONOSIS PARASITARIAS: CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS (Cryptosporidium parvum) 14 15.0 1 TEXTBOX 52 115 385 185 CONTROL MEASURES SLIDERS / MANDOS DESLIZANTES PARA ACTIVIDADES DE CONTROL\n- Número de doctores\n- Vacunación de bovinos\n- Plantas de tratamiento de aguas 11 0.0 1 SLIDER 103 237 275 270 Bovine_vaccination Bovine_vaccination 0 5 5 1 1 NIL HORIZONTAL SLIDER 103 194 275 227 Number_of_doctors Number_of_doctors 0 5 5 1 1 NIL HORIZONTAL TEXTBOX 44 534 436 584 GRÁFICO: Humanos infectados y bovinos infectados\nCONTADORES: Porcentaje de bovinos y porcentaje de humanos infectados 11 0.0 1 BUTTON 213 75 327 108 2) GO - Comenzar go T 1 T OBSERVER NIL NIL NIL NIL SLIDER 104 277 278 310 Water_treatment_plants Water_treatment_plants 0 5 5 1 1 NIL HORIZONTAL @#$#@#$#@ (ENGLISH VERSION AT THE BOTTOM) ¿QUE ES CRYPTOSPORYSIM? Es un modelo gráfico que trata de explicar como se desarrollan las infecciones por Cryptosporidium parvum en poblaciones humana y bovina. También se puede estudiar el efecto de aplicar ciertas estrategias de control de enfermedades parasitarias al modelo. COMO FUNCIONA. Ciclo biológico: El crypstosporidio es un protozoo con un ciclo de transmisión feco-oral. Los protozoos se reproducen en las células de la mucosa intestinal, primero de forma asexual y luego de forma sexual. La reproducción sexual origina unas estructuras de resistencia llamadas ooquistes que acaban rompiendo las células intestinales y salen al exterior con la materia fecal. Los ooquistes en heces contaminan aguas o alimentos/pastos de forma que se vuelve a infectar (por via oral) a otro bovino o humano. En este modelo computerizado tenemos 3 elementos: población de bovinos, población humana y criptosporidios (únicamente ooquistes transmisores). Opcionalmente, para actividades de control podemos tener en el campo doctores, veterinarios y plantas de tratamiento de aguas. El modelo se basa en las siguientes premisas: 1) Humanos y bovinos se mueven, reproducen y mueren en el mundo virtual. Los ooquistes solo se reproducen si hay hospedadores infectados. Si no hay humanos o bovinos infectados, los ooquistes mueren y desaparecen del campo. 2) Humanos y bovinos se infectan por proximidad (es decir, cuando los ooquistes pasan cerca de ellos - biológicamente = son ingeridos). 3) Pasado un tiempo de infección, los humanos y bovinos infectados se inmunizan y pasan a tener color azul. En este estado no pueden ser infectados. CONTROLES En la subcarpeta "Interface" tenemos una pantalla de simulación ("el mundo virtual"), un botón de reseteo, un botón de comando, un contador de humanos infectados, un contador de bovinos infectados, tres mandos deslizantes para tratamiento en humanos, tratamiento (vacunación) en bovinos y creación de plantas de tratamiento de agua. Hay además un grafico que muestra la evolución de los niveles de infección en humanos y bovinos. Para activar el modelo, proceda como sigue: 1) Si quiere iniciar alguna actividad de control: 1A)Si activa el interruptor de "Human treatment", los doctores reducen los niveles de enfermedad humana curando a los infectados que pasan cerca de ellos y también matando a los ooquistes que pasan cerca de ellos. 1B) Si activa la opción de "Bovines_vaccinated" los veterinarios reducen la posibilidad de infección de bovinos mediante una vacuna (las vacas que se les aproximan se vuelven azules). 1C) Si activa la opción Water_treatment_plants" aparecen varias centrales de tratamiento de aguas potables por ozonización que reducen la carga de ooquistes en el medio. 2) Pulse "set up" 3) Pulse "go". Si quiere ver la evolución de los gráficos cartesianos de simulación de una manera mas rápida, deseleccione la opción "view updates" (situada encima de la pantalla del mundo virtual). 4) Para detener la simulación pulse de nuevo "go" VARIACIONES Observe las diferencias de parasitación en las poblaciones cuando no se usan medidas de control, o bien cuando se aplican (accionando los mandos de "tratamiento humano", "vacunación bovina" o "plantas de tratamiento de aguas").Observe que ocurre cuando acciona los dos interruptores simultáneamente ("control integrado"). Dado que el resultado de la simulación no es siempre igual, conviene realizarla varias veces para estar seguro de la capacidad de llegar a controlar el parásito. MODELOS RELACIONADOS ANISAKISIM, BABESIM, BRUGIASIM, EGRANULOSIM, LEISHMANISIM, PLASMOKNOWLESIM, PLASMOVIVASIM, SCHISTOJAPONISIM, TAENIASAGISIM, TOXOCARASIM, TOXOPLASIM, TRICHINELLASIM, TRYPANOCRUSIM, TRYPANORHODESIM, MALARIA, VIRUS. AGRADECIMIENTOS Y REFERENCIAS Modelo parasitológico creado por el Dr Angel Criado para docencia en diversos cursos de Parasitología. Dpto de Microbiología y Parasitología, laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia. Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares - (Madrid), ESPAÑA. El código informático del modelo se basa parcialmente en los programas "Malaria" (Erin Flanagan) y "Virus” (Dr. Uri Wilensky), en NETLOGO. Para aprender más sobre parásitos y su control: 1) Manual de Parasitología.(2007). J. Gállego-Berenguer - Edit. Univ de Barcelona 2) (en inglés) Control of Human Parasitic Diseases - Academic Press,(2006) by David H Molyneux (Editor) ISBN: 0120317613 ENGLISH VERSION --------- CRYPTOSPORISIM - WHAT IS IT? ------ This model is a simple illustration of the life-cycle of the parasitic protozoa "Cryptosporidium parvum", and how several strategies may help to control the disease (Cryptosporidiosis). It has been devised as a basic visual model, giving an overview of the scenario where pathogen and hosts interact. HOW IT WORKS ------------ "Cryptosporidium parvum Life-Cycle: The life cycle involves a single host. Both humans and ruminants are adequate hosts. Infected hosts excrete oocysts in faeces. Food or water contamination led to infection of new hosts. Ingested oocysts liberate sporozoites which penetrate in intestinal cells and reproduce (first asexually and later sexually). Once fertilizatin of gametes occurs, oocyst generate in host cells. Two different types of oocysts are produced, the thick-walled, which is commonly excreted from the host, and the thin-walled oocyst, which is primarily involved in autoinfection. Oocysts are infective upon excretion, thus permitting direct and immediate fecal-oral transmission. In the CRYPTOSPORISIM model, there are 3 essential components: humans, bovines (cows) and oocysts. Organism populations in the simulation reproduce up to 50 individuals. Initially, a certain number of hosts are infected, so as to ensure the propagation of the disease. This model is based on the following guidelines: 1) Humans, bovines and oocysts move, reproduce and die. However, oocysts only reproduce when there are infected bovines. If there are no infected hosts, oocysts die. 2) Infection happens by proximity. Healthy individuals show colour green or white. Infected hosts are red or magenta. If infected humans/bovines get close to oocysts, they become infected. 3) Humans and bovines get immunized after some time of infection (colour = blue). Once hosts are immunized, they can not be infected. HOW TO USE IT ------------- In the "Interface" folder we found "a virtual world screen", a "set up" button (it clears the screen and creates the simulation screen with all the participant organisms), a "go" button (that runs/stops the simulation), 2 monitors (showing percent of infected hosts), and one plot showing levels of infected hosts. Optionally, some control measures can be implemented by using three sliders: - "Number of doctors" switch: medicine doctors wander through the residential area providing treatment to infected humans. Infected persons are healed. As a logical consequence, oocysts passing near doctors die. - "Bovine vaccination": veterinarians vaccinate cows which turn their colour to blue. As a logical consequence, oocysts passing near veterinarians die. - "Water treatment plants": plants with ozonization tanks are installed. Oocysts coming close to plants die. To run the simulation: 1) Select with sliders the desired control agents to be deployed (0 - 5). 2) Press "set up": humans, bovines and oocysts will appear. Also selected control agents should appear if a number greater than 0 was selected in some slider(s). 3) Press "go" to run the simulation. To see faster the outcome of the run (only in plots and counters), unselect the "view updates" option. 4) To stop, press again " the go" button. THINGS TO TRY ------------- If no control measures are undertaken, Cryptosporidium appears with low frequency in the human population. The situation is quite different in cows. Try to see what happens when some control measures are introduced, first one by one and finally by employing the "integrated control" approach (several measures applied at once). To be sure of the results, try to run the model several times, since the outcome of the simulation may greatly vary between runs. RELATED MODELS ------------- ANISAKISIM, BABESIM, BRUGIASIM, EGRANULOSIM, LEISHMANISIM, PLASMOKNOWLESIM, PLASMOVIVASIM, SCHISTOJAPONISIM, TAENIASAGISIM, TOXOCARASIM, TOXOPLASIM, TRICHINELLASIM, TRYPANOCRUSIM, TRYPANORHODESIM, MALARIA, VIRUS. CREDITS AND REFERENCES ---------------------- This model was created by Dr Angel Criado as part of different courses on parasitic diseases imparted at the University of Alcala - Microbiology and Parasitology Dept. Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, (Madrid) SPAIN. Some parts of the code are borrowed from Flanagan's "Malaria" and Wilensky's "Virus”, two NETLOGO models. 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