breed [mosquitoes mosquito] breed [people person] breed [doctors doctor ] to setup clear-all ;; clear all patches and turtles set-default-shape people "person" create-people 35 [ set color blue if who < initial-sick-people [set color red] ; these people start off with malaria set size 1.5 ;; easier to see setxy random-xcor random-ycor ;they are spread out randomly ifelse bed-nets ; if people use bed nets the people without malaria will be yellow and can not be bitten by a mosquito [ask people [if who >= initial-sick-people [set color yellow] ] ] [ask people [if who >= initial-sick-people [set color blue] ] ] ] set-default-shape mosquitoes "mosquito" ;; shape is defined in Turtle Shapes Editor create-mosquitoes initial-number-mosquitoes ;; create the mosquitoes, then initialize their variables [ set color green set size 0.75 ;; easier to see setxy random-xcor random-ycor ] set-default-shape doctors "doctor" ifelse medicine ; if the medicine switch is set to 'on' then 5 randomly placed stationary doctors will be available [create-doctors 5 ask doctors [(set size 1.5) (setxy random-xcor random-ycor)]] [create-doctors 0] end to go move-mosquitoes move-people do-plots end to move-people ask people [ rt random 100 ;people move around the world randomly lt random 100 fd 1 ifelse color = red ;if people are infectious they will infect mosquitoes who bite them in relation to the bite-likelihood [ask mosquitoes in-radius bite-likelihood [if any? mosquitoes with [color = green] [set color red] ] ] [ask mosquitoes in-radius bite-likelihood ; if people are not infectious they can be infected by infectious mosquitoes in relation to the bite-likelihood [ifelse color = red ;if mosquitoes are infectious they can infect nearby non-infected people [ask people in-radius bite-likelihood [if any? people in-radius bite-likelihood with [color = blue] [set color red] ]] [ask people in-radius bite-likelihood with [color = blue] [if any? people in-radius bite-likelihood with [color = blue] [set color blue]] ;if noninfectious mosquitoes bite noninfectious people, nothing happens ] ] ] ifelse medicine ;if the medicine switch is on [ask doctors in-radius .5 [if any? people in-radius .5 with [color = red] [ask people in-radius .5 with [color = red] ;doctors will cure nearby infectious people or people who 'visit' them [ifelse bed-nets ;when bed-nets are used, doctors will cure nearby infectious people and give them a bed-net [ask people in-radius .5 with [color = red] [set color yellow] ] [ask people in-radius .5 with [color = red] [set color blue]] ]]]] [ask doctors in-radius .5 [if any? people in-radius .5 with [color = red] ;if the switch is off there are no doctors so this will not happen [ask people in-radius .5 [set color blue] ]] ] ifelse spray-insecticide ;if the insecticide switch is set on [ask people [set pcolor green - 4] ] ;people will spray patches around them a light green color [ask people [set pcolor black] ] ;if switch is off the patches will stay black ] tick end to move-mosquitoes ask mosquitoes [ rt random 100 lt random 100 fd 1 ] tick ifelse spray-insecticide ; if the insecticide switch is set on [ask patches with [pcolor = green - 4] [ask mosquitoes in-radius 1 with [who = random 200] [die]]] ;light green patches that come into contact with mosquitoes will throw out a random number from 1-200, if the number matches the mosquito's who number than it dies [if any? mosquitoes with [who = 0] [ask mosquitoes [die]]] ;if the switch is off this will happen...however no mosquito has a who number of 0 so it is impossible to kill mosquitoes unless the switch is set to on end to do-plots set-current-plot "Totals" set-current-plot-pen "people" plot count people with [color = red] end ; *** NetLogo 4.0.2 Model Copyright Notice *** ; ; Copyright 2008 by Erin S. Flanagan. All rights reserved. ; ; Permission to use, modify or redistribute this model is hereby granted, ; provided that both of the following requirements are followed: ; a) this copyright notice is included. ; b) this model will not be redistributed for profit without permission ; from Erin S. Flanagan. ; Contact Erin S. Flanagan for appropriate licenses for redistribution for ; profit. ; ; To refer to this model in publications, please use: ; Copyright 2008 Erin S. Flanagan. All rights reserved. ; This project was funded by NSF and NIH as part of the VCU Bioengineering & Biotechnology Summer Institute. ; ; *** End of NetLogo 4.0.2 Model Copyright Notice *** @#$#@#$#@ GRAPHICS-WINDOW 383 10 918 416 10 7 25.0 1 10 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 -10 10 -7 7 1 1 1 days CC-WINDOW 5 430 927 525 Command Center 0 BUTTON 24 10 89 58 setup setup NIL 1 T OBSERVER NIL NIL NIL NIL BUTTON 145 10 212 57 NIL go T 1 T OBSERVER NIL NIL NIL NIL SLIDER 19 66 216 99 initial-number-mosquitoes initial-number-mosquitoes 0 100 44 1 1 NIL HORIZONTAL SLIDER 19 110 217 143 initial-sick-people initial-sick-people 0 25 4 1 1 NIL HORIZONTAL SLIDER 19 150 217 183 bite-likelihood bite-likelihood 0 1 0.1 .1 1 NIL HORIZONTAL SWITCH 225 52 363 85 bed-nets bed-nets 1 1 -1000 SWITCH 225 95 361 128 medicine medicine 1 1 -1000 SWITCH 225 10 363 43 spray-insecticide spray-insecticide 1 1 -1000 MONITOR 223 142 344 187 Number of Sick People count people with [color = red] 17 1 11 PLOT 19 195 376 415 Totals days number of sick people 0.0 365.0 0.0 100.0 true false PENS "default" 1.0 0 -16777216 true "people" 1.0 0 -16777216 true @#$#@#$#@ WHAT IS IT? ----------- This model relates the number of people infected with malaria with the use of various control measures such as bed-nets, insecticide, and medicine within a population. This model was created for elementary students to use and thus the actual transmission rate of the virus has been simplified so that students may interpret the results with no prior knowledge of the disease and limited graphing skills. HOW IT WORKS ------------ People contact malaria when bitten by a mosquito carrying the plasmodium parasite. Infected people bitten by mosquitoes transmit the plasmodium parasite back to the mosquito - propagating the cycle. This model seeks to demonstrate that relationship as well as the affects of control measures in place to combact the disease. HOW TO USE IT ------------- Users choose the initial number of parasite-transmitting mosquitoes to reflect a location as well as the initial number of infected people in the population. Users also determine a bite-likelihood, which is basically the chance a given person will be in the same space as a mosquito and be bitten. The graph records the amount of infected people over time within the selected constraints. Users can also turn on/off three different control measures (or a combination of the three) that will influence the transmission of the disease and affect the amount of sick people in the population. THINGS TO NOTICE ---------------- This model has several major assumptions: 1. Humans do not reproduce or die. 2. Bed-nets are 100% effective at preventing malaria. 3. Mosquitoes and people interact homogeneously. 4. Cured people (by medicine) cannot get sick again. 5. There is no delay in the mosquito acquiring the parasite and becoming infectious. These assumptions were necessary to keep the program simple and straightforward, but do affect the accuracy of the results. However, infection trends and the overall effectiveness of control methods while generalized, does give students a sense of the relationships. THINGS TO TRY ------------- Here are three scenarios I used with my own class: 1.A person returns to Anytown, USA from a trip to Africa where he has contacted malaria. Should we people worried? Use the model to demonstrate why or why not. (Students should set initial infected to 1, bite likelihood low, and initial # mosquitoes low). 2.What variables affect the number sick people the most? (Students should test different variables one at a time. This is great way for students to understand the concept of variables and controls). 3.Malaria in endemic in areas with tropical climates. Endemic means lots of people have gotten the disease and continue to get the disease today. Why would people living in tropical areas get malaria more often? Set up the model so that lots of people get the disease over time. What do you notice? (Student should set the model so that the number of initial people infected is high, with a lot of mosquitoes and a high bite-likelihood and little controls in place...this will produce "endemic" results). CREDITS AND REFERENCES ---------------------- This model was created as a project in conjunction with Virginia Commonwealth Univerity Bioinformatics and Bioengineering Summer Institute. Copyright 2008 by Erin S. Flanagan. All rights reserved. Permission to use, modify or redistribute this model is hereby granted, a) this copyright notice is included. b) this model will not be redistributed for profit without permission from Erin S. Flanagan. Contact Erin S. Flanagan for appropriate licenses for redistribution for profit. To refer to this model in academic publications, please use: Flanagan, E.S. (2008). NetLogo Malaria Control model. Mary Munford Elementary School Richmond Public Schools, Richmond, VA In other publications, please use: Copyright 2008 Erin S. Flanagan. 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