;__extensions [ "sound.jar" ] ; setup alarm if AQI is over 300 globals [ chimney-1-x chimney-1-y chimney-1-h ; three chimneys coordinate chimney-2-x chimney-2-y chimney-2-h chimney-3-x chimney-3-y chimney-3-h chimney-4-x chimney-4-y ; one area source coordinate land-z ; land z coordinate land-color ; pollution level of land fume-color ; turtles pollution level fume-new ; for controlling the frequency of creating new fume land-sum ; AQI sum land-average ; AQI mean road-color ; the color of road random-x ; move-time ; turltes moving time t-direction ; turtles heading monitor-ok ; setup up mointors? time ; number of ticks pre-fume-num ;prearrange turltes from chimneys pre-area-num ;prearrange turltes from area pre-road-num ;prearrange turtltes from automobiles pre-period ;prearrange periods pre-run ;prearrange run? ] patches-own [urban AQI landuse] ;three parameters of patch: urban? AQI, landuse turtles-own [pollution] ;Pollution carried by turtle ; other global variables: chimney-altitude; fume-num; wind-direction; wind-speed breeds [ c-1-fume c-2-fume c-3-fume c-4-fume road-fume] ; three agentset from three chimneys, one agentset from area sources, one agentset from road sources to genesis ;create a new world (green land) with three random located chimneys and first sets of fume ca new-land ;draw new-land design-pollution ; randomly locate pollution sources create-fume ; create air pollutants (turtles) end to rejuvenation ; clear all fume and initialize land not relocate air pollution sources ct new-land create-fume end to new-land ; draw new land set land-z 1 set land-color 55 set road-color grey set land-sum 0 set fume-new 0 set land-average 0 set move-time 0 set monitor-ok false clear-all-plots set time 0 set pre-fume-num 30 set pre-area-num 5 set pre-road-num 0 set pre-period 0 set pre-run false clear-output ask patches with [ pzcor = land-z or pzcor = land-z - 1][ set pcolor land-color set AQI -1 set urban -1] ; draw land ask patches with [ (pzcor = land-z or pzcor = land-z - 1) and ; setup urban area pxcor < (screen-edge-x / 3) * 2 and pxcor > (- ((screen-edge-x / 3) * 2)) and pycor < (screen-edge-x / 3) * 2 and pycor > (- ((screen-edge-x / 3) * 2)) ] [ set AQI 1 set urban 1] ask patches with [ (pzcor = land-z or pzcor = land-z - 2) and ; draw roads (pxcor = (screen-edge-x / 3) and pycor < (screen-edge-x / 3) * 2 and pycor > (-((screen-edge-x / 3) * 2)) or pxcor = (-(screen-edge-x / 3)) and pycor < (screen-edge-x / 3) * 2 and pycor > (-((screen-edge-x / 3) * 2))) ] [ set pcolor road-color set AQI -1 set urban -1] ask patches with [ (pzcor = land-z or pzcor = land-z - 2) and ; draw roads (pycor = (screen-edge-x / 3) and pxcor < (screen-edge-x / 3) * 2 and pxcor > (-((screen-edge-x / 3) * 2)) or pycor = (-(screen-edge-x / 3)) and pxcor < (screen-edge-x / 3) * 2 and pxcor > (-((screen-edge-x / 3) * 2))) ] [ set pcolor road-color set AQI -1 set urban -1] ask patches with [ (pzcor = land-z or pzcor = land-z - 2) and ; draw lake (pxcor > (screen-edge-x / 3) and pxcor < (screen-edge-x / 3) * 2 and pycor > (screen-edge-x / 3) and pycor < (screen-edge-x / 3) * 2) ] [ set pcolor blue set AQI -1 set urban -1] ask patches with [ (pzcor = land-z or pzcor = land-z - 2) and ; draw forest (pxcor < (-(screen-edge-x / 3)) and pxcor > (-(screen-edge-x / 3) * 2) and pycor < (-(screen-edge-x / 3)) and pycor > (-(screen-edge-x / 3) * 2)) ] [ set pcolor 51 set AQI -1 set urban -1] ;; setup plots auto-plot-on set-current-plot "Air Quality Index" set-plot-y-range 0 500 set-plot-x-range 0 100 auto-plot-off set-current-plot-pen "unhealthy" plotxy 0 100 plotxy 4000 100 set-current-plot-pen "hazardous" plotxy 0 300 plotxy 4000 300 auto-plot-on set-current-plot "prearrange-plot" set-plot-y-range 0 500 set-plot-x-range 0 100 auto-plot-off set-current-plot-pen "unhealthy" plotxy 0 100 plotxy 8000 100 set-current-plot-pen "hazardous" plotxy 0 300 plotxy 8000 300 end to design-pollution ; draw chimneys and save the locations of them locals [c-h c-x c-y chimney-color] ;the altitude, x-coordinate and y-coordinate of chimneys. the color of chimneys set chimney-color yellow ; yellow chimney ; Chimney One set c-h (land-z + (random chimney-altitude) + 6) ; the altitude of chimney is random from 6 to 16 set c-x 0 set c-y 0 while [ (((abs c-x) < (((screen-edge-x / 3) * 2)) + 1) and ((abs c-y) < (((screen-edge-x / 3) * 2)) + 1)) ] ; find location [set c-x ((random screen-edge-x) - (random screen-edge-x)) set c-y ((random screen-edge-x) - (random screen-edge-x))] ask patches with [ pxcor = c-x and pycor = c-y and pzcor > (land-z - 3) and pzcor < c-h ] ; draw chimney and save coordinate [ set pcolor chimney-color set chimney-1-x c-x set chimney-1-y c-y set chimney-1-h c-h ] ; Chimney Two set c-h (land-z + (random chimney-altitude) + 6) set c-x 0 set c-y 0 while [ (((abs c-x) < (((screen-edge-x / 3) * 2)) + 1) and ((abs c-y) < (((screen-edge-x / 3) * 2)) + 1)) ] [set c-x ((random screen-edge-x) - (random screen-edge-x)) set c-y ((random screen-edge-x) - (random screen-edge-x))] ask patches with [ pxcor = c-x and pycor = c-y and pzcor > (land-z - 3) and pzcor < c-h ] [ set pcolor chimney-color set chimney-2-x c-x set chimney-2-y c-y set chimney-2-h c-h ] ; Chimney Three set c-h (land-z + (random chimney-altitude) + 6) set c-x 0 set c-y 0 while [ (((abs c-x) < (((screen-edge-x / 3) * 2)) + 1) and ((abs c-y) < (((screen-edge-x / 3) * 2)) + 1)) ] [set c-x ((random screen-edge-x) - (random screen-edge-x)) set c-y ((random screen-edge-x) - (random screen-edge-x))] ask patches with [ pxcor = c-x and pycor = c-y and pzcor > (land-z - 3) and pzcor < c-h ] [ set pcolor chimney-color set chimney-3-x c-x set chimney-3-y c-y set chimney-3-h c-h ] ; Area pollution source set c-x 0 set c-y 0 while [ (((abs c-x) < (((screen-edge-x / 3) * 2)) + 3) and ((abs c-y) < (((screen-edge-x / 3) * 2)) + 3))] [set c-x ((random screen-edge-x) - (random screen-edge-x)) set c-y ((random screen-edge-x) - (random screen-edge-x))] ask patches with [ (pxcor < (c-x + 2) and pxcor > (c-x - 2)) and (pycor < (c-y + 2) and pycor > (c-y - 2)) and (pzcor = (land-z - 2) or pzcor = (land-z + 1))] [ set pcolor 22 set chimney-4-x c-x set chimney-4-y c-y ] end to go ; ready to run the model !!! locals [ i ] ifelse (fume-new = 12) ; every 12 time to create new sets of fume which stand for 1 month [ create-fume set fume-new 0 ] [ set fume-new fume-new + 1 ] move-fume do-plots end to do-plots locals [i] set land-sum 0 auto-plot-on set-current-plot "Air Quality Index" set-current-plot-pen "AQI" set i mean values-from patches with [ urban = 1 and pzcor = land-z ] [ AQI ] plot i ; if i > 300 [ play-drum "Hi Mid Tom" 100 ] ; alarm on if AQI is over 300 set-current-plot-pen "monitor" ifelse monitor-ok [set i mean values-from patches with [landuse = 5] [AQI]] [set i 0] plot i end to create-fume ; producing fume over three chimneys locals [ i ] set fume-color 11 ; color red set create-custom-c-1-fume (chimney-num / 3) [set color fume-color set xcor chimney-1-x set ycor chimney-1-y set zcor chimney-1-h + 1 set pitch -7] ; turtles from chimney one create-custom-c-2-fume (chimney-num / 3) [set color fume-color set xcor chimney-2-x set ycor chimney-2-y set zcor chimney-2-h + 1 set pitch -7] ; turtles from chimney two create-custom-c-3-fume (chimney-num / 3) [set color fume-color set xcor chimney-3-x set ycor chimney-3-y set zcor chimney-3-h + 1 set pitch -7] ; turtles from chimney three create-custom-c-4-fume area-num [set color fume-color set xcor chimney-4-x set ycor chimney-4-y set zcor 4 set pitch 7] ; turtles from area ask c-4-fume [set shape3d "line"] set i 1 while [ i < ((screen-edge-x / 3)* 4)] ; turtles from road 1 [ create-custom-road-fume 1 [ set color fume-color set size 0.5 set shape3d "sphere" set xcor (((screen-edge-x / 3)* 2) - i) set ycor (screen-edge-x / 3) set zcor 3] set i (i + (6 - road-num)) ] set i 1 while [ i < ((screen-edge-x / 3)* 4)] ; turtles from road 2 [ create-custom-road-fume 1 [ set color fume-color set size 0.5 set shape3d "sphere" set xcor (((screen-edge-x / 3)* 2) - i) set ycor (-(screen-edge-x / 3)) set zcor 3] set i (i + (6 - road-num)) ] set i 1 while [ i < ((screen-edge-x / 3)* 4)] ; turtles from road 3 [ create-custom-road-fume 1 [ set color fume-color set size 0.5 set shape3d "sphere" set ycor (((screen-edge-x / 3)* 2) - i) set xcor (screen-edge-x / 3) set zcor 3] set i (i + (6 - road-num)) ] set i 1 while [ i < ((screen-edge-x / 3)* 4)] ; turtles from road 4 [ create-custom-road-fume 1 [ set color fume-color set size 0.5 set shape3d "sphere" set ycor (((screen-edge-x / 3)* 2) - i) set xcor (-(screen-edge-x / 3)) set zcor 3] set i (i + (6 - road-num)) ] ask turtles [ set heading random 360 set pollution 100] set pre-run false end to move-fume ; movement of fume locals [ p-t-d i p-t p-j] ifelse ( season and (move-time > 100)) ;season model? [ ifelse (int (move-time / 100)) mod 2 = 0 [ set t-direction summer] [ set t-direction winter] ] [ set t-direction wind-direction ] ifelse (wind-speed > 0) ; Change wind-direction [ ;the freedom of turtles' heading depend on the speed and direction of wind ask turtles [set heading t-direction + (random 20 * (11 - wind-speed) - random 20 * (11 - wind-speed))] ] [ ask turtles [ set heading random 360 ] ] ask turtles ; move turtles and transfor pollution to land [ set p-t-d zcor jump 1 + int (wind-speed / 3) ; the speed of turtles depend on the speed of wind set pollution pollution - 3 ; turtles release pollution set color color + 0.3 ; the hue of turtles release set p-t pollution ask patch-at-heading-pitch-and-distance (random 360) 90 (0 - (zcor - land-z)) [ if ( pcolor < 60 ) ; Chnage land-color and AQI by the distance between land and turtle and the pollution turtles carries [ set AQI AQI + (p-t / (p-t-d * 2)) set pcolor pcolor + ((p-t / (p-t-d * 2)) / 100 ) ] ] ask patch-at-heading-pitch-and-distance (random 360) 90 (0 - (zcor - land-z + 1)) [ if ( pcolor < 60 ) ; Chnage land-color and AQI by the distance between land and turtles and the pollution turtles carries [ set AQI AQI + (p-t / (p-t-d * 3)) set pcolor pcolor + ((p-t / (p-t-d * 3)) / 100 ) ] ] ] ask turtles ; turtles will die if they change to harmless (no color), out of the screen-edge, and try to cross the forest [ if ((color > 19) or ( xcor > (screen-edge-x - 4)) or (xcor < (-(screen-edge-x - 4)) ) or (ycor > (screen-edge-x - 4) ) or (ycor = (-(screen-edge-x - 4))) or (pxcor < (-(screen-edge-x / 3)) and pxcor > (-(screen-edge-x / 3) * 2) and pycor < (-(screen-edge-x / 3)) and pycor > (-(screen-edge-x / 3) * 2))) [ die ] ] ask patches with [ pzcor = land-z ] ; land (all patches) self-clarify [ if pcolor > 55.002 [ set AQI AQI - 0.5 set pcolor (pcolor - 0.005) ] ] set move-time (move-time + 1) set time time + 1 ifelse pre-run ; record running data in output box [ output-write "time" output-show time output-write "pre-chimney-num" output-show pre-fume-num output-write "road-num" ifelse pre-road-num < 0 [set p-j 0.1] [set p-j pre-road-num] output-show (count patches with [pcolor = grey] / 5) * p-j output-write "AQI" output-show mean values-from patches with [ urban = 1 and pzcor = land-z ] [ AQI ] ] [ output-write "time" output-show time output-write "total turtles" output-show count turtles output-write "road-num" output-show count road-fume output-write "mean heading" output-show mean values-from turtles [heading] output-write "wind-speed" output-show wind-speed output-write "AQI" output-show mean values-from patches with [ urban = 1 and pzcor = land-z ] [ AQI ] ] end to setup-monitors locals [i j] set monitor-ok true set j 0 repeat 10 [diffuse pcolor 1] set i (min values-from patches with [pzcor = land-z and urban = 1][AQI]) ; min AQI ask random-n-of 1 patches with [ (pzcor = land-z and urban = 1) and AQI = i] ;random select comparsion monitor location [ ask patch-at-heading-pitch-and-distance 0 90 -5 [ set pcolor 135] set landuse 6 ] set i (mean values-from patches with [pzcor = land-z and urban = 1][AQI]) ; mean AQI while [j != 9] ; random select max nine monitoring sites locations [ ask random-n-of 1 patches with [ (pzcor = land-z and urban = 1) and (AQI > i - 10 and AQI < i + 10) ] [ ifelse any? ((patches in-radius (screen-size-x / 10) ) with [landuse = 5]) [] [ ask patch-at-heading-pitch-and-distance 0 90 -5 [ set pcolor 85] set landuse 5 ] ] set j j + 1 ] end to prearrange-model ; ready to run the model !!! locals [ i ] set pre-run true ifelse (fume-new = 12) ; every 12 time to create new sets of fume [ pre-create-fume set fume-new 0 ] [ set fume-new fume-new + 1 ] move-fume pre-do-plots end to pre-create-fume locals [ i t t-aqi] ; set t-aqi mean values-from patches with [ urban = 1 and pzcor = land-z ] [ AQI ] set fume-color 11 ; color red set set pre-period pre-period + 1 ; each period is 5 years (120 ticks) if (pre-period / 10) < 12 [set pre-road-num -10 set pre-fume-num pre-fume-num + 3 set pre-area-num pre-area-num + 2] if (pre-period / 10) >= 12 and (pre-period / 10) < 24 [set pre-road-num 1 set pre-fume-num pre-fume-num + 6 set pre-area-num pre-area-num + 4] if (pre-period / 10) >= 24 and (pre-period / 10) < 36 [set pre-road-num 1 ] if (pre-period / 10) >= 36 and (pre-period / 10) < 48 [set pre-road-num 2 set pre-fume-num pre-fume-num - 32 set pre-area-num pre-area-num - 24] if (pre-period / 10) >= 48 and (pre-period / 10) < 56 [set pre-road-num 3 set pre-fume-num pre-fume-num - 6 set pre-area-num pre-area-num - 4] if (pre-period / 10) >= 56 and (pre-period / 10) < 68 [set pre-road-num 4 set pre-fume-num pre-fume-num - 3 set pre-area-num pre-area-num - 2] if (pre-period / 10) >= 68 [set pre-road-num 2 ] if pre-fume-num < 0 [set pre-fume-num 30] if pre-area-num < 0 [set pre-area-num 0] create-custom-c-1-fume int (pre-fume-num / 3) [set color fume-color set xcor chimney-1-x set ycor chimney-1-y set zcor chimney-1-h + 1 set pitch -7] ; turtles from chimney one create-custom-c-2-fume int (pre-fume-num / 3) [set color fume-color set xcor chimney-2-x set ycor chimney-2-y set zcor chimney-2-h + 1 set pitch -7] ; turtles from chimney two create-custom-c-3-fume int (pre-fume-num / 3) [set color fume-color set xcor chimney-3-x set ycor chimney-3-y set zcor chimney-3-h + 1 set pitch -7] ; turtles from chimney three create-custom-c-4-fume int (pre-area-num / 3) [set color fume-color set xcor chimney-4-x set ycor chimney-4-y set zcor 4 set pitch 7] ; turtles from area ask c-4-fume [set shape3d "line"] set i 1 while [ i < ((screen-edge-x / 3)* 4)] ; turtles from road 1 [ create-custom-road-fume 1 [ set color fume-color set size 0.5 set shape3d "sphere" set xcor (((screen-edge-x / 3)* 2) - i) set ycor (screen-edge-x / 3) set zcor 3] set i (i + (6 - pre-road-num)) ] set i 1 while [ i < ((screen-edge-x / 3)* 4)] ; turltes from road 2 [ create-custom-road-fume 1 [ set color fume-color set size 0.5 set shape3d "sphere" set xcor (((screen-edge-x / 3)* 2) - i) set ycor (-(screen-edge-x / 3)) set zcor 3] set i (i + (6 - pre-road-num)) ] set i 1 while [ i < ((screen-edge-x / 3)* 4)] ; turtles from road 3 [ create-custom-road-fume 1 [ set color fume-color set size 0.5 set shape3d "sphere" set ycor (((screen-edge-x / 3)* 2) - i) set xcor (screen-edge-x / 3) set zcor 3] set i (i + (6 - pre-road-num)) ] set i 1 while [ i < ((screen-edge-x / 3)* 4)] ; turtles from road 4 [ create-custom-road-fume 1 [ set color fume-color set size 0.5 set shape3d "sphere" set ycor (((screen-edge-x / 3)* 2) - i) set xcor (-(screen-edge-x / 3)) set zcor 3] set i (i + (6 - pre-road-num)) ] ask turtles [ set heading random 360 set pollution 100] end to pre-do-plots ; draw right plot locals [i] set land-sum 0 set-current-plot "prearrange-plot" auto-plot-on set-current-plot-pen "pre-AQI" set i mean values-from patches with [ urban = 1 and pzcor = land-z ] [ AQI ] plot i ;if i > 300 [ play-drum "Hi Mid Tom" 100 ] ; alarm on if AQI is over 300 end @#$#@#$#@ GRAPHICS-WINDOW 603 10 918 346 30 30 5.0 1 10 1 1 1 0 20 CC-WINDOW 5 568 927 663 Command Center BUTTON 17 30 120 65 Genesis genesis NIL 1 T OBSERVER T NIL SLIDER 12 102 137 135 chimney-altitude chimney-altitude 0 10 10 1 1 NIL SLIDER 11 150 138 183 chimney-num chimney-num 0 300 150 15 1 NIL BUTTON 313 15 394 81 go go T 1 T OBSERVER T S BUTTON 141 31 244 64 Rejuvenation rejuvenation NIL 1 T OBSERVER T NIL SLIDER 157 143 287 176 wind-direction wind-direction 0 360 105 15 1 NIL SLIDER 157 189 287 222 wind-speed wind-speed 0 10 4 1 1 NIL PLOT 17 273 456 554 Air Quality Index Time AQI 0.0 10.0 0.0 10.0 true false PENS "AQI" 1.0 0 -8716033 true "monitor" 1.0 0 -65413 true "unhealthy" 1.0 0 -16777216 true "hazardous" 1.0 0 -16777216 true BUTTON 443 48 557 81 NIL setup-monitors NIL 1 T OBSERVER T NIL SLIDER 11 189 138 222 road-num road-num 0 5 3 1 1 NIL SLIDER 10 229 138 262 area-num area-num 0 100 29 1 1 NIL SWITCH 310 122 400 155 season season 1 1 -1000 SLIDER 309 167 401 200 Winter Winter 0 360 0 45 1 NIL SLIDER 308 210 400 243 Summer Summer 0 360 180 45 1 NIL TEXTBOX 451 14 580 42 setup monitors after running for a while. BUTTON 445 178 596 211 time-projection-model prearrange-model T 1 T OBSERVER T NIL PLOT 466 274 890 552 prearrange-plot NIL NIL 0.0 100.0 0.0 500.0 true false PENS "pre-AQI" 1.0 0 -65413 true "unhealthy" 1.0 0 -16777216 true "hazardous" 1.0 0 -16777216 true OUTPUT 609 28 914 274 MONITOR 432 85 581 134 the number of monitoring sits count patches with [landuse = 5] 3 1 MONITOR 462 216 554 265 total turtles count turtles 3 1 @#$#@#$#@ WHAT IS IT? ----------- Modeling of Urban Airborne Pollution Introduction Although clean air is the basic requirement for human health, most people who travel in the huge modern metropolitans have to suffer the horrific air quality every day. There are abundant examples of serious regional atmospheric pollution events historically, such as London smog, Indonesian fires, and Beijing sandstorms. These atmospheric pollutants are either natural or human-induced, or both. This paper focuses on direct human-made air pollution in a “Sim City”. The urban air system is a highly complex adaptive system which results from the interactions between the natural environment and concentrated human activities. Air quality is influenced widely over time by multiple pollution sources, complex weather situations, geographical features, and city layouts. Modeling is a great tool to analyze a complex adaptive system and a well-designed model can create the better understanding and management of such a system. Numerous mathematical models have been created by environmental scientists; however this paper presents a simple qualitative model for management purposes rather than research purposes. An initial urban airborne pollution model was built on 3-D version of NetLogo. NetLogo is a programmable modeling environment which is particularly well suited for qualitative modeling of a complex spatio-temporal system. This model simulates a typical grid city and natural environment. Additionally, three major types of pollution sources, namely point, line and area sources, were drawn in this study area and represent industry sites, automobiles and burning areas respectively. These pollution sources emit different major pollutants which disperse over land over time. The dispersal of airborne pollution under different weather situations and its influence to urban air quality were computer-generated. Beyond this simple model, three typical trials were explored for different purposes and both spatial analysis and temporal analysis are involved in this spatio-temporal model. Firstly, it was found that the changes of urban air quality in most high latitude cities appear to show a clear seasonal trend owing to the extreme seasons. Seasonal wind direction is only considered in this model. Secondly, an air quality monitoring system is widely used in many cities and the sample locations and the number of monitoring sites are significant in the system. The outcomes of exploring with this model include the ability to identify the sample number and locations of air quality monitoring sites in this area for the purpose of air quality monitoring. Thirdly, one of biggest advantages of modeling is to review history and predict the future. The air quality of some historical industrial cities has undergone remarkable changes and the primary pollutants have been altered during the past half century. There are two key trends of urban air pollution: one is that air quality continues to improve owing to effective environmental polices; and the other is the primary sources of air pollution in most big cities has changed due to the rapid increase in the number of motor vehicles. The simulation of these trends will be presented in this report. Discussion and Conclusion This model simulates the dispersal pattern of air pollution in an urban area and displays the effect of air pollutants on the land. The spatio-temporal model in 3-D NetLogo allows us the ability to explore the air pollution interaction of the complex adaptive atmosphere system in both spatial and temporal dimensions. The uses of this model are wide. For instance, a civil engineer could recommend suitable locations for the industry areas and residential areas by exploring with this model when considering a particular local climate. A real estate company may estimate the value of land by looking at the results of this model. An environmental expert can develop air quality management and assessment in an urban area. As with all others models, this model is a limited simulation. It is impossible and invaluable to try to describe everything in a model. Firstly, this is not quantitative model; there are no any real environmental data involved. Therefore the results of this model can only obtain some simple general idea of urban air pollution. However, with the benefits of Information Technology, we have abundant digital environmental data to create high accurate quantitative environmental models. Secondly, although the varieties of air pollutants are simulated in this model, their different behaviors and the interactions amongst them and between them with atmosphere are not considered. The chemical and photochemical interactions are very important in studying urban air pollution. Also there are many other pollutants and pollution sources that are not considered such as dust and sandstorms from nearby deserts. Thirdly, it is always a big challenge to model the affects of meteorology and complex weather conditions. Only two parameters of wind are introduced in this model. In fact, the sunlight? atmosphere pressure and atmosphere temperature are other very significant factors in the dispersal of air pollutants. Fourthly, the urban structure is another important factor of urban air pollution. For example, the “hot island” phenomenon, which results from bad urban structure, will worsen air quality. Finally, this model does not consider the influence of topography which is another important factor in terms of air pollution. The main reason is the weakness of NetLogo which is not suitable to simulate complex geographical features. The recent integration of 3 G (Geographical Information System (GIS), Remote Sensing (RS), and Global Position Systems (GPS)) could be beneficial to building a better spatio-temporal urban air pollution model. Firstly, GIS can combine many databases such as long term environmental data, meteorological data and topographical data to structure a comprehensive quantitative model and the model could be able to auto-adjust by continued updating of databases. Also GIS offers more complex spatial analysis methods. Secondly, multiple spectral RS data can be applied in air pollution monitoring. For example, a number of video cameras with both visible and infrared spectrums can identify urban air quality quickly. Thirdly, mobile air quality monitors with GPS is a flexible method to gather data to adjust an urban air pollution model. @#$#@#$#@ default true 0 Polygon -7566196 true true 150 5 40 250 150 205 260 250 airplane true 0 Polygon -7566196 true true 150 0 135 15 120 60 120 105 15 165 15 195 120 180 135 240 105 270 120 285 150 270 180 285 210 270 165 240 180 180 285 195 285 165 180 105 180 60 165 15 arrow true 0 Polygon -7566196 true true 150 0 0 150 105 150 105 293 195 293 195 150 300 150 box false 0 Polygon -7566196 true true 150 285 285 225 285 75 150 135 Polygon -7566196 true true 150 135 15 75 150 15 285 75 Polygon -7566196 true true 15 75 15 225 150 285 150 135 Line -16777216 false 150 285 150 135 Line -16777216 false 150 135 15 75 Line -16777216 false 150 135 285 75 bug true 0 Circle -7566196 true true 96 182 108 Circle -7566196 true true 110 127 80 Circle -7566196 true true 110 75 80 Line -7566196 true 150 100 80 30 Line -7566196 true 150 100 220 30 butterfly true 0 Polygon -7566196 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false 0 Circle -7566196 true true 16 16 270 Circle -16777216 true false 46 46 210 cow false 0 Polygon -7566196 true true 200 193 197 249 179 249 177 196 166 187 140 189 93 191 78 179 72 211 49 209 48 181 37 149 25 120 25 89 45 72 103 84 179 75 198 76 252 64 272 81 293 103 285 121 255 121 242 118 224 167 Polygon -7566196 true true 73 210 86 251 62 249 48 208 Polygon -7566196 true true 25 114 16 195 9 204 23 213 25 200 39 123 face happy false 0 Circle -7566196 true true 8 8 285 Circle -16777216 true false 60 75 60 Circle -16777216 true false 180 75 60 Polygon -16777216 true false 150 255 90 239 62 213 47 191 67 179 90 203 109 218 150 225 192 218 210 203 227 181 251 194 236 217 212 240 face neutral false 0 Circle -7566196 true true 8 7 285 Circle -16777216 true false 60 75 60 Circle -16777216 true false 180 75 60 Rectangle -16777216 true false 60 195 240 225 face sad false 0 Circle -7566196 true true 8 8 285 Circle -16777216 true false 60 75 60 Circle -16777216 true false 180 75 60 Polygon -16777216 true false 150 168 90 184 62 210 47 232 67 244 90 220 109 205 150 198 192 205 210 220 227 242 251 229 236 206 212 183 fish false 0 Polygon -1 true false 44 131 21 87 15 86 0 120 15 150 0 180 13 214 20 212 45 166 Polygon -1 true false 135 195 119 235 95 218 76 210 46 204 60 165 Polygon -1 true false 75 45 83 77 71 103 86 114 166 78 135 60 Polygon -7566196 true true 30 136 151 77 226 81 280 119 292 146 292 160 287 170 270 195 195 210 151 212 30 166 Circle -16777216 true false 215 106 30 flag false 0 Rectangle -7566196 true true 60 15 75 300 Polygon -7566196 true true 90 150 270 90 90 30 Line -7566196 true 75 135 90 135 Line -7566196 true 75 45 90 45 flower false 0 Polygon -11352576 true false 135 120 165 165 180 210 180 240 150 300 165 300 195 240 195 195 165 135 Circle -7566196 true true 85 132 38 Circle -7566196 true true 130 147 38 Circle -7566196 true true 192 85 38 Circle -7566196 true true 85 40 38 Circle -7566196 true true 177 40 38 Circle -7566196 true true 177 132 38 Circle -7566196 true true 70 85 38 Circle -7566196 true true 130 25 38 Circle -7566196 true true 96 51 108 Circle -16777216 true false 113 68 74 Polygon -11352576 true false 189 233 219 188 249 173 279 188 234 218 Polygon -11352576 true false 180 255 150 210 105 210 75 240 135 240 house false 0 Rectangle -7566196 true true 45 120 255 285 Rectangle -16777216 true false 120 210 180 285 Polygon -7566196 true true 15 120 150 15 285 120 Line -16777216 false 30 120 270 120 leaf false 0 Polygon -7566196 true true 150 210 135 195 120 210 60 210 30 195 60 180 60 165 15 135 30 120 15 105 40 104 45 90 60 90 90 105 105 120 120 120 105 60 120 60 135 30 150 15 165 30 180 60 195 60 180 120 195 120 210 105 240 90 255 90 263 104 285 105 270 120 285 135 240 165 240 180 270 195 240 210 180 210 165 195 Polygon -7566196 true true 135 195 135 240 120 255 105 255 105 285 135 285 165 240 165 195 line true 0 Line -7566196 true 150 0 150 300 pentagon false 0 Polygon -7566196 true true 150 15 15 120 60 285 240 285 285 120 person false 0 Circle -7566196 true true 110 5 80 Polygon -7566196 true true 105 90 120 195 90 285 105 300 135 300 150 225 165 300 195 300 210 285 180 195 195 90 Rectangle -7566196 true true 127 79 172 94 Polygon -7566196 true true 195 90 240 150 225 180 165 105 Polygon -7566196 true true 105 90 60 150 75 180 135 105 plant false 0 Rectangle -7566196 true true 135 90 165 300 Polygon -7566196 true true 135 255 90 210 45 195 75 255 135 285 Polygon -7566196 true true 165 255 210 210 255 195 225 255 165 285 Polygon -7566196 true true 135 180 90 135 45 120 75 180 135 210 Polygon -7566196 true true 165 180 165 210 225 180 255 120 210 135 Polygon -7566196 true true 135 105 90 60 45 45 75 105 135 135 Polygon -7566196 true true 165 105 165 135 225 105 255 45 210 60 Polygon -7566196 true true 135 90 120 45 150 15 180 45 165 90 square false 0 Rectangle -7566196 true true 30 30 270 270 square 2 false 0 Rectangle -7566196 true true 30 30 270 270 Rectangle -16777216 true false 60 60 240 240 star false 0 Polygon -7566196 true true 60 270 150 0 240 270 15 105 285 105 Polygon -7566196 true true 75 120 105 210 195 210 225 120 150 75 target false 0 Circle -7566196 true true 0 0 300 Circle -16777216 true false 30 30 240 Circle -7566196 true true 60 60 180 Circle -16777216 true false 90 90 120 Circle -7566196 true true 120 120 60 tree false 0 Circle -7566196 true true 118 3 94 Rectangle -6524078 true false 120 195 180 300 Circle -7566196 true true 65 21 108 Circle -7566196 true true 116 41 127 Circle -7566196 true true 45 90 120 Circle -7566196 true true 104 74 152 triangle false 0 Polygon -7566196 true true 150 30 15 255 285 255 triangle 2 false 0 Polygon -7566196 true true 150 30 15 255 285 255 Polygon -16777216 true false 151 99 225 223 75 224 truck false 0 Rectangle -7566196 true true 4 45 195 187 Polygon -7566196 true true 296 193 296 150 259 134 244 104 208 104 207 194 Rectangle -1 true false 195 60 195 105 Polygon -16777216 true false 238 112 252 141 219 141 218 112 Circle -16777216 true false 234 174 42 Rectangle -7566196 true true 181 185 214 194 Circle -16777216 true false 144 174 42 Circle -16777216 true false 24 174 42 Circle -7566196 false true 24 174 42 Circle -7566196 false true 144 174 42 Circle -7566196 false true 234 174 42 turtle true 0 Polygon -11352576 true false 215 204 240 233 246 254 228 266 215 252 193 210 Polygon -11352576 true false 195 90 225 75 245 75 260 89 269 108 261 124 240 105 225 105 210 105 Polygon -11352576 true false 105 90 75 75 55 75 40 89 31 108 39 124 60 105 75 105 90 105 Polygon -11352576 true false 132 85 134 64 107 51 108 17 150 2 192 18 192 52 169 65 172 87 Polygon -11352576 true false 85 204 60 233 54 254 72 266 85 252 107 210 Polygon -7566196 true true 119 75 179 75 209 101 224 135 220 225 175 261 128 261 81 224 74 135 88 99 wheel false 0 Circle -7566196 true true 3 3 294 Circle -16777216 true false 30 30 240 Line -7566196 true 150 285 150 15 Line -7566196 true 15 150 285 150 Circle -7566196 true true 120 120 60 Line -7566196 true 216 40 79 269 Line -7566196 true 40 84 269 221 Line -7566196 true 40 216 269 79 Line -7566196 true 84 40 221 269 x false 0 Polygon -7566196 true true 270 75 225 30 30 225 75 270 Polygon -7566196 true true 30 75 75 30 270 225 225 270 @#$#@#$#@ NetLogo 3-D Preview 1 @#$#@#$#@ @#$#@#$#@ @#$#@#$#@