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Bug Hunt Camouflage

If you download the NetLogo application, this model is included. You can also Try running it in NetLogo Web

WHAT IS IT?

This is a model of natural/artificial selection that shows how a population hunted by a predator can develop camouflaging. For example, in a forest with green leaves, green bugs may emerge as the predominant bug color.

When a predator uses color and shape to identify the location of prey in an environment, then the colors and patterns in the environment provide additional selective pressure on the prey. If some prey tend to blend into the background better, they tend to survive longer and reproduce more often. If this continues over many generations, the distribution of colors in a population may shift to become better camouflaged in the surrounding environment.

HOW IT WORKS

You assume the role of a predator bird. After you press GO, click on bugs as fast as you can using your mouse. You may also keep the mouse button depressed, and move the cursor around the world.

You can watch your consumption by watching the "Bugs Caught vs. Time" plot. As its slope decreases, you efficiency (or, in other words, your rate of bug consumption) is decreasing. Also, the time to catch a batch of bugs is plotted in the "Time to Catch 10 Bugs" plot.

Try to consume bugs as fast as possible to remove any "deliberation" on your part as a predator. The camouflaging effect will emerge more clearly if you aren't taking your time trying to find bugs that typically would be more difficult to find.

Bugs have 3 genes that determine their phenotype for color. One gene is RED-PIGMENT-GENE-FREQUENCY, another is GREEN-PIGMENT-GENE-FREQUENCY, and the last is BLUE-PIGMENT-GENE-FREQUENCY. The more frequently the gene for a pigment is coded for, the stronger that presence of color is in the overall blend of pigments that results in a single phenotype for coloration (determined by an RGB [Red-Green-Blue] calculation).

With each bug you eat, a new bug is randomly chosen to reproduce one offspring. The offspring's gene-frequency for each of the three pigment genes may be different than the parent (as determined by the MUTATION-STEP slider).

HOW TO USE IT

CARRYING-CAPACITY determines the size of the population on SETUP, and how many bugs are in the world at one time when GO is pressed and bugs are being eaten.

MAX-MUTATION-STEP determines how much the pigment genes can drift from their current values in each new generation. For example, a MUTATION-STEP of 1 means that the gene frequency for any of the three pigments could go up 1, down 1, or not change at all in the offspring.

OFFSPRING-DISTANCE determines how far away (in patches) an offspring could show up from a parent. For example, a distance of 5 means the offspring could be 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 patches away from the parent.

BUG-SIZE can be changed at any time during GO or before SETUP to modify the size of the shapes for the bugs.

SHOW-GENOTYPE? reveals the RGB (Red-Green-Blue) gene frequency values for each bug. The values for Red can range from 0 to 100, and this also true for Green and Blue. These numbers represent how fully expressed each pigment is (e.g. 40-100-24 would represent genetic information that expresses the red pigment at 40% its maximum value, the green pigment at 100%, and the blue pigment at 24%.

ENVIRONMENT specifies the file name to load as a background image on SETUP or on CHANGE-ENVIRONMENT. The image file must be located in the same directory as the model.

MAKE-SINGLE-GENERATION creates one offspring from the existing bugs, without being limited by the CARRYING-CAPACITY. This can only be used, when the model is paused and GO is not running.

TOTAL-CAUGHT keeps track of how many bugs you have caught.

BUGS IN WORLD keeps track of how many bugs are in the world & view.

The plot "BUGS CAUGHT VS TIME" give a measure of your progress and performance as a predator.

The plot of "AVERAGE HSB VALUES" shows how the average values for the hue, saturation, and brightness of the bugs changes over time.

The histograms of "CURRENT HUES" and "INITIAL HUES" shows a distribution of hues in the current and starting populations.

The histograms of "CURRENT SATURATIONS" and "INITIAL SATURATIONS" shows a distribution of saturations (of colors) in the current and starting populations. Low values represent "grayish" colorations and high values represent "vivid" colorations.

The histograms of "CURRENT BRIGHTNESSES" and "INITIAL BRIGHTNESSES" shows a distribution of brightnesses (of colors) in the current and starting populations. Low values represent "dark" colorations and high values represent "light" colorations.

The plot of "VECTOR DIFFERENCE IN AVERAGE GENOTYPE" shows how the average values the genotype of the population change overtime. The plot shows the vector difference between the average value of red gene frequency, green gene frequency, and blue gene frequency for the current population as compared to the initial population.

THINGS TO NOTICE

The first thing that you will notice is that, over time, bugs will become harder and harder to detect in the environment. The completely random mutation process is pushed in a particular direction due to selective pressure which you unintentionally exert on the bugs.

Camouflaging emerges from the interaction of genes that encode for color, selective pressure, and small random changes (mutations) that accumulate in the offspring of survivors.

Each new offspring starts at zero size and grows to full size (specified by BUG-SIZE) after a while. This growth in size is included to make brand new offspring harder to detect. If newly created offspring were full sized right away, your eyes would more easily detect the "flash effect" created by sudden appearance of something new on a static background.

Sometimes two or more "near background" colors emerge as a predominant feature in a population of bugs. An example of this is the appearance of mostly green and red bugs in the poppy field, or dark blue/black and snow blue in the glacier background. Other times, the saturation of the bugs appears to be selected for. An example of this is a common outcome of "shell colored" bugs on the seashore background (e.g. light yellow, light tan, and light blue bugs similar to the shells of the seashore).

Larger numbers of bugs tend to take longer to start camouflaging.

In environments that have two distinct areas (such as a ground and sky), each with their own patterns and background colors, you might see two distinct populations of different camouflaging outcomes. Often, while hunting in one area, you will be surprised to look over at the other area (after they hadn't been paying attention to that area in a while) and notice that now there are a bunch of bugs in that background that blend in this new area very well, but whose colors are distinctly different than those that blend into the original area you were hunting in.

THINGS TO TRY

Try this model with a user who has never seen it. A common response from the user (within about 1 minute of interaction with the model) is "where did the bugs all go?" If you keep playing with the model, the user might get better at finding the bugs, but if s/he keeps trying to catch bugs quickly, even an experienced user will find that the creatures will become very hard to find in certain environments.

Once you reach a point where you are having trouble finding the bugs, it is useful to either press FLASH to show where they are (and how they are camouflaged), or press CLEAR-BACKGROUND to enable you to study their color distribution and location.

EXTENDING THE MODEL

What if you could eat a batch of bugs (e.g. 5 or 10) before they reproduced?

What if bugs reproduced sexually and recombined gene frequencies in their offspring?

What if bugs moved?

NETLOGO FEATURES

import-drawing is the primitive that loads the image into the drawing, which in this case is merely a backdrop instead of something agents actually draw in.

Because this model depends on interaction with the user, we measure the passage of time in seconds. We use timer to measure how much time passes each time through go, and we use tick-advance to advance the clock by that amount. (A simpler approach would have been to not use the tick counter at all and only use timer, but the problem with timer is that it keeps advancing even when go isn't pressed.)

RELATED MODELS

Bug Hunt Speeds Peppered Moths

CREDITS AND REFERENCES

Inspired by this: BugHunt! Macintosh freeware: https://web.archive.org/web/20101213084130/http://bcrc.bio.umass.edu/BugHunt/.

HOW TO CITE

If you mention this model or the NetLogo software in a publication, we ask that you include the citations below.

For the model itself:

• Novak, M. and Wilensky, U. (2005). NetLogo Bug Hunt Camouflage model. http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/models/BugHuntCamouflage. Center for Connected Learning and Computer-Based Modeling, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL.

Please cite the NetLogo software as:

• Wilensky, U. (1999). NetLogo. http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/. Center for Connected Learning and Computer-Based Modeling, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL.

COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE

Copyright 2005 Uri Wilensky.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 559 Nathan Abbott Way, Stanford, California 94305, USA.

Commercial licenses are also available. To inquire about commercial licenses, please contact Uri Wilensky at uri@northwestern.edu.

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