Modeling Across the Curriculum Project (MAC) at Northwestern

Short description

In the Modeling Across the Curriculum project, we enable students' exploration of computer models that are embedded in a supporting script. The Connected Chemistry learning environment is one such model-based curricular unit.  Connected Chemistry employs multi-agent NetLogo models to empower the students' manipulation and observation of chemical “entities” at the molecular level as well as the resulting aggregate patterns. These models are embedded in Pedagogica scripts that guide the model exploration as well as asking students' questions about their exploration and findings.

Connected Chemistry (CC1) is a computer-based environment for learning the topics of gas laws and Kinetic Molecular Theory in chemistry. It views chemistry from an “emergent” perspective, how macroscopic phenomena result from the interaction of many submicroscopic particles. Connected Chemistry employs agent-based models built in NetLogo (Wilensky, 1999), embedded in scripts that structure and log the students'' activities. The mains goals of the Connected Chemistry curriculum (CC1) are the following:

Structure of the Curriculum

The structure of the curriculum is described, in terms of its main content and flow. Each activity includes an introduction that grounds the model in familiar physical phenomena, elicits prior conceptual knowledge at both the macroscopic and submicroscopic levels, assistance in understanding the model's representations and tools, embedded questions that range from simple facts to deeper causal explanations, guided and unguided (sandbox mode) model exploration activities, review questions and a summary. Several questions are in closed form, after previous versions were tested in open form, so that the script can provide guidance based on the students' choices. Screen buttons and links connect to a glossary of the scientific terms and a NetLogo hints dictionary. After an introduction, the sandbox model is always available for free exploration. Navigating within an activity is done with forward/backward buttons and through a menu. Throughout the first activities, model widgets are gradually introduced: from simple buttons to manipulated variables, monitors then graphs--first few, gradually increasing in number. Text scaffolds are gradually faded as the students become adept in using the model, observing and integrating its representations. As the supports are withdrawn, students' interactions with the models transition from guided to independent inquiry. Chapter one of the Connected Chemistry unit (CC1) consists of a sequence of seven activities:

1. Modeling a Tire: After generating a theoretical model of pumping up a bicycle tire, a part-by-part rule-by-rule acquaintance is made with the gas particles and container in the computer model, leading up to the KMT assumptions that are subsequently explored.
2. Changing pressure: The concept of pressure and its computation in the model are investigated; processes of change are explored--delays between perturbing the system, its reaction and gradual re-equilibration, relations between the randomness of the gas particles'motion and the stability of pressure in the system.
3. Experimenting with particles: New tools are introduced--several simple NetLogo programming commands are used to change the particles' properties, enhance and change the visual representations; propagation of change in the system from a local perturbation is explored with mid-level models (models with a small number of particles, Levy & Wilensky, 2008); energy exchange and conservation is explored; experiments are selected, invented, designed and conducted.
4. Number and pressure: The relationship between the number of particles in a fixed container and the pressure is investigated; an equation relating the two variables is constructed; the frequency at which individual particles hit the wall is compared and related to the pressure, problematizing the meaning of a linear relationship at the particulate level; the model and a real bicycle tire are compared along several dimensions and discussed in terms of affordances and limitations.
5. Temperature and pressure: The concept of energy is explored further by relating changes of the gas temperature and the particles' speed; delays between heating the container and heating the gas are observed and explained; the qualitative and quantitative relationship between temperature and pressure is investigated.
6. Volume and pressure: Boyle's Law is constructed and then tested. Several ideas are further explored--problematics related to the model's two-dimensional nature, relating the particles' random motion and the collective flow of gas into the vacuum formed when the model's container volume suddenly increases.
7. Ideal gas law: The unit culminates with the construction of the Ideal Gas Law and further discussion and activities concerning the nature of models and modeling. Another rule is then added to the model - gravitational pull - and exploring a model of atmospheric pressure completes the module.

More generally, the chemistry topics are set within a wider perspective of complex systems.  The domain of “complex systems” has evolved rapidly in the past 15 years, developing novel ideas and tools, and new ways of comprehending old phenomena, such as weather systems.  Complex systems are made up of many elements (often named “agents”, in our case, molecules), which interact among themselves and with their environment.  The interactions of numerous elements result in a higher-order or collective behavior.  Although such systems are not regulated through central control, they self-organize in coherent global patterns.  These patterns are often counter-intuitive and surprising.

The Modeling Across the Curriculum project is a 5-year long research and development effort aimed at:

• developing secondary science curriculum units that use computer-based modeling tools
• fostering the use of these tools to conduct model-based inquiry
• implementing the units within a number of secondary school classrooms in a variety of content domains
• researching students' learning, motivation and teacher/classroom centered issues in classrooms using model-based inquiry 

The project results form a collaboration among three partners The central project site is the Concord Consortium, while the other sites include the Northwestern Center for Computer-Based Modeling and the Harvard Graduate School of Education. This partnership includes a number of secondary schools including Clemente High school and Park View school  in Illinois, together with the Fitchburg Public Schools, the Lowell Public Schools at Massachusetts, and other schools that particpate in the project.

Accessing the Instructional Units

The CCL development team has created a number of chemistry units using design principles and research findings gathered from this project. These units include a mix of wet labs, homeworks, student readers, in class activities, and computer based models.  The first of these units covers the topic of gas laws.  The second of these units covers the topic of chemical reactions. For more information about these units see the Connected Chemistry project

Levy, S.T., & Wilensky, U. (2005). Students' patterns in exploring NetLogo models, embedded in the Connected Chemistry curriculum..  In J. Gobert (Chair) and J. Pellegrino (Discussant), Logging Students' Learning in Complex Domains: Empirical Considerations and Technological Solutions. The annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Montreal , Canada , April 11-15, 2005

Levy, S.T., Kim, H. & Wilensky, U. (2004). Connected Chemistry - A study of secondary students using agent-based models to learn Chemistry.  In J. Gobert (Chair) and N. H. Sabelli (Discussant) Modeling Across the Curriculum (MAC): Technology, Pedagogy, Assessment, & Research. The annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association.


Contact Information

For questions about the project contact:

• Principal Investigator - Uri Wilensky
• Reseach - Sharona T. Levy  (stlevy@construct.haifa.ac.il)
• Instructional Materials Design - Michael Novak (mnovak@ccl.northwestern.edu) and Sharona T. Levy (stlevy@construct.haifa.ac.il)